scholarly journals Newborns’ sensitivity to speed changes as a building block for animacy perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giorgio ◽  
Marco Lunghi ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Francesca Simion
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe human visual system can discriminate between animate beings vs. inanimate objects on the basis of some kinematic cues, such as starting from rest and speed changes by self-propulsion. The ontogenetic origin of such capability is still under debate. Here we investigate for the first time whether newborns manifest an attentional bias toward objects that abruptly change their speed along a trajectory as contrasted with objects that move at a constant speed. To this end, we systematically manipulated the motion speed of two objects. An object that moves with a constant speed was contrasted with an object that suddenly increases (Experiment 1) or with one that suddenly decreases its speed (Experiment 2). When presented with a single speed change, newborns did not show any visual preference. However, newborns preferred an object that abruptly increases and then decreases its speed (Experiment 3), but they did not show any visual preference for the reverse sequence pattern (Experiment 4). Overall, results are discussed in line with the hypothesis of the existence of attentional biases in newborns that trigger their attention towards some visual cues of motion that characterized animate perception in adults.

scholarly journals Newborns’ sensitivity to speed changes as a building block for animacy perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giorgio ◽  
Marco Lunghi ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Francesca Simion
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe human visual system can discriminate between animate beings vs. inanimate objects on the basis of some kinematic cues, such as starting from rest and speed changes by self-propulsion. The ontogenetic origin of such capability is still under debate. Here we investigate for the first time whether newborns manifest an attentional bias toward objects that abruptly change their speed along a trajectory as contrasted with objects that move at a constant speed. To this end, we systematically manipulated the motion speed of two objects. An object that moves with a constant speed was contrasted with an object that suddenly increases (Experiment 1) or with one that suddenly decreases its speed (Experiment 2). When presented with a single speed change, newborns did not show any visual preference. However, newborns preferred an object that abruptly increases and then decreases its speed (Experiment 3), but they did not show any visual preference for the reverse sequence pattern (Experiment 4). Overall, results are discussed in line with the hypothesis of the existence of attentional biases in newborns that trigger their attention towards some visual cues of motion that characterized animate perception in adults.

How to speed up to be in time: Action-judgment dissociations in children and adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Wilkening ◽  
Claudia Martin
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Linear Condition ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Nonlinear Condition ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Normative Rule ◽  
Judgment Condition ◽  
Time Linear

Children 6 and 10 years of age and adults were asked how fast a toy car had to be to catch up with another car, the latter moving with a constant speed throughout. The speed change was required either after half of the time (linear condition) or half of the distance (nonlinear condition), and responses were given either on a rating scale (judgment condition) or by actually producing the motion (action condition). In the linear condition, the data patterns for both judgments and actions were in accordance with the normative rule at all ages. This was not true for the nonlinear condition, where children’s and adults’ judgment and also children’s action patterns were linear, and only adults’ action patterns were in line with the nonlinearity principle. Discussing the reasons for the misconceptions and for the action-judgment dissociations, a claim is made for a new view on the development of children’s concepts of time and speed.

Visual disgust-elicitors produce an attentional blink independent of contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perone ◽  
David Vaughn Becker ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance

Multiple studies report that disgust-eliciting stimuli are perceived as salient and subsequently capture selective attention. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the nature of temporal attentional biases toward disgust-eliciting stimuli and to investigate the extent to which these biases are sensitive to contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance motives. Participants (N=116) performed in an Emotional Attentional Blink (EAB) task in which task-irrelevant disgust-eliciting, fear-eliciting, or neutral images preceded a target by 200, 500, or 800 milliseconds (i.e., lag two, five and eight respectively). They did so twice - once while not exposed to an odor, and once while exposed to either an odor that elicited disgust or an odor that did not - and completed a measure of disgust sensitivity. Results indicate that disgust-eliciting visual stimuli produced a greater attentional blink than neutral visual stimuli at lag two and a greater attentional blink than fear-eliciting visual stimuli at both lag two and at lag five. Neither the odor manipulations nor individual differences measures moderated this effect. We propose that visual attention is engaged for a longer period of time following disgust-eliciting stimuli because covert processes automatically initiate the evaluation of pathogen threats. The fact that state and trait pathogen avoidance do not influence this temporal attentional bias suggests that early attentional processing of pathogen cues is initiated independent from the context in which such cues are perceived.

An expanded isoindigo unit as a new building block for a conjugated polymer leading to high-performance solar cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 5427-5433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shugang Li ◽  
Zhongcheng Yuan ◽  
Jianyu Yuan ◽  
Ping Deng ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fill Factor ◽  
Solar Cell Device ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
First Time

An expanded isoindigo unit (IBTI) has been incorporated into a donor–acceptor conjugated polymer for the first time. The PCE of the solar cell device based on the new polymer reached 6.41% with a fill factor of 0.71.

scholarly journals Spatial Anticipatory Attentional Bias for Alcohol: A Preliminary Report on Reliability and Associations with Risky Drinking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gladwin
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Drinking Motives ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Probe Location

BackgroundAlthough risky drinking and alcohol dependence have been associated with spatial attentional biases, concerns have been raised about the reliability of the frequently-used dot-probe task. A form of anticipatory bias related to predictive cues has been found to be related to alcohol-related processes, and to have high reliability in the context of threat stimuli. It remains to be determined whether this anticipatory attentional bias also has good reliability for alcohol stimuli. Further, correlations with drinking-related individual differences need to be replicated.Methods83 healthy adult participants were included, who completed the task and questionnaires on risky drinking (AUDIT-C), drinking motives (DMQ-R), reasons to abstain from drinking (RALD), and alcohol craving (ACQ). The task used a 400 ms Cue-Stimulus Interval, based on previous work. The Spearman-Brown split-half reliability of reaction time-based bias scores was calculated. The within-subject effect of probe location (predicted-alcohol versus predicted-non-alcohol) was tested using a paired-sample t-test. Correlations were calculated between bias scores and questionnaire scales; tests were one-sided for predicted effects and two-sided for exploratory effects.ResultsA good reliability of .81 was found. There was no overall bias. A predicted correlation between risky drinking and anticipatory bias towards alcohol was found, but no other predicted or exploratory effects.ConclusionsThe anticipatory attentional bias for alcohol is a reliably measurable individual difference, with some evidence that it is associated with risky drinking. Implicit measure of spatial attentional bias can achieve high reliability. Further study of attentional biases using predictive cues would appear to be promising.

Does a Single Session of Training Modify Emotion-Induced Blindness?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandersan Onie ◽  
Chris Donkin ◽  
Steven Most
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Attentional Bias Modification ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Emotion-Induced Blindness (EIB) is a robust phenomenon in which people fail to see targets that appear in spatiotemporal proximity to task-irrelevant emotional distractors. Evidence suggests that it involves different mechanisms than tasks widely used to assess attentional biases and their modification. To assess the utility of EIB as an attentional bias modification task, we investigated its malleability in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants trained to ignore negative distractors, ignore neutral distractors, or simply received equivalent exposure to negative distractors over 720 trials. Analyses revealed strong evidence against effects of training condition. Experiment 2 investigated whether training effects might emerge with EIB was tested at a longer distractor-target interval and added an additional, no-distractor comparison condition. Analyses of Experiment 2 provided some evidence that exposure to negative stimuli may reduce the impact of novel negative stimuli, which may hold implications for the wider attentional literature.

Synthesis of Geometric Primary Circles of Externally Meshed Skew-Axes Gears

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Abadjiev ◽  
D. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Constant Speed ◽  
Mutual Position ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
First Time

Abstract What are considered are geometric primary circles of gears which transform rotations between fixed skewed axes with a constant speed ratio. These imaginary circles differ from the pitch ones of the gears with parallel or intersecting axes. It seems they are used succeessfully for the first time as a start point in designing hyperbolic gears. Both the diameters and the mutual position parameters of the geometric primary circles are needed when gear over-alls and mounting distances as well as teeth geometry are determined.

scholarly journals Perspectives on Modifying Attentional Biases Amongst Individuals with Tobacco Use Disorder Using Technology: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Choo
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attention Bias Modification ◽  
Attentional Bias Modification ◽  
Bias Modification

Smoking remains a significant health problem. Attentional biases influence smoking behaviours, but have not been the target of psychosocial interventions. The first part of this perspective article will provide an overview of the theoretical constructs underlying attentional biases, methods of measuring attentional biases, and evidence for attentional bias modification amongst individuals with tobacco use disorders. The second part of this article will outline how the advent of technological advances could be harnessed in attentional bias modification for smokers. As there is potential for attentional bias training to be delivered via mobile app, literature was reviewed over the recent decade, 2009 to 2019, to examine available research evidence. The search terms were “web-based” or “mobile based”, and “attention bias modification” or “attentional bias” and “smoking” or “tobacco use”. The PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed databases were initially used to identify papers with the above-mentioned inclusion criteria. Five papers were included in the review. Lastly, an integrated perspective will be provided, from both clinical and research standpoints. In conclusion, more research is needed to address the gaps in knowledge and to provide an evidence base for the implementation of mobile phone technologies for attention retraining in smokers.

scholarly journals Sex differences in spatial cognition in an invertebrate: the cuttlefish

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1646) ◽  
pp. 2049-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Jozet-Alves ◽  
Julien Modéran ◽  
Ludovic Dickel
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sexually Mature

Evidence of sex differences in spatial cognition have been reported in a wide range of vertebrate species. Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain these differences. The one best supported is the range size hypothesis that links spatial ability to range size. Our study aimed to determine whether male cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ; cephalopod mollusc) range over a larger area than females and whether this difference is associated with a cognitive dimorphism in orientation abilities. First, we assessed the distance travelled by sexually immature and mature cuttlefish of both sexes when placed in an open field (test 1). Second, cuttlefish were trained to solve a spatial task in a T-maze, and the spatial strategy preferentially used (right/left turn or visual cues) was determined (test 2). Our results showed that sexually mature males travelled a longer distance in test 1, and were more likely to use visual cues to orient in test 2, compared with the other three groups. This paper demonstrates for the first time a cognitive dimorphism between sexes in an invertebrate. The data conform to the predictions of the range size hypothesis. Comparative studies with other invertebrate species might lead to a better understanding of the evolution of cognitive dimorphism.

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