scholarly journals A comparative analysis of quantitative metrics of root architectural phenotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harini Rangarajan ◽  
Jonathan P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Projection Methods ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle

AbstractHigh throughput phenotyping is important to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype. The methods used to describe the phenotype therefore should be robust to measurement errors, relatively stable over time, and most importantly, provide a reliable estimate of elementary phenotypic components. In this study, we use functional-structural modeling to evaluate quantitative phenotypic metrics used to describe root architecture to determine how they fit these criteria. Our results show that phenes such as root number, root diameter, lateral root branching density are stable, reliable measures and are not affected by imaging method or plane. Metrics aggregating multiple phenes such as total length, total volume, convexhull volume, bushiness index etc. estimate different subsets of the constituent phenes, they however do not provide any information regarding the underlying phene states. Estimates of phene aggregates are not unique representations of underlying constituent phenes: multiple phenotypes having phenes in different states could have similar aggregate metrics. Root growth angle is an important phene which is susceptible to measurement errors when 2D projection methods are used. Metrics that aggregate phenes which are complex functions of root growth angle and other phenes are also subject to measurement errors when 2D projection methods are used. These results support the hypothesis that estimates of phenes are more useful than metrics aggregating multiple phenes for phenotyping root architecture. We propose that these concepts are broadly applicable in phenotyping and phenomics.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Metrics of Root Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Harini Rangarajan ◽  
Jonathan P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Projection Methods ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle

High throughput phenotyping is important to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype. The methods used to describe the phenotype therefore should be robust to measurement errors, relatively stable over time, and most importantly, provide a reliable estimate of elementary phenotypic components. In this study, we use functional-structural modeling to evaluate quantitative phenotypic metrics used to describe root architecture to determine how they fit these criteria. Our results show that phenes such as root number, root diameter, and lateral root branching density are stable, reliable measures and are not affected by imaging method or plane. Metrics aggregating multiple phenes such as total length, total volume, convex hull volume, and bushiness index estimate different subsets of the constituent phenes; they however do not provide any information regarding the underlying phene states. Estimates of phene aggregates are not unique representations of underlying constituent phenes: multiple phenotypes having phenes in different states could have similar aggregate metrics. Root growth angle is an important phene which is susceptible to measurement errors when 2D projection methods are used. Metrics that aggregate phenes which are complex functions of root growth angle and other phenes are also subject to measurement errors when 2D projection methods are used. These results support the hypothesis that estimates of phenes are more useful than metrics aggregating multiple phenes for phenotyping root architecture. We propose that these concepts are broadly applicable in phenotyping and phenomics.

scholarly journals Genetic improvement for root growth angle to enhance crop production

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusaku Uga ◽  
Yuka Kitomi ◽  
Satoru Ishikawa ◽  
Masahiro Yano
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle

scholarly journals Phene Synergism between Root Hair Length and Basal Root Growth Angle for Phosphorus Acquisition

2015 ◽  
Vol 167 (4) ◽  
pp. 1430-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magalhaes Amade Miguel ◽  
Johannes Auke Postma ◽  
Jonathan Paul Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Phosphorus Acquisition ◽  
Root Hair Length ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle

scholarly journals Allele mining for a drought responsive gene DRO1 determining root growth angle in donors of drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-534
Author(s):  
Bablee Kumari Singh ◽  
M. K. Ramkumar ◽  
Monika Dalal ◽  
Archana Singh ◽  
Amolkumar U. Solanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Allele Mining ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle ◽  
Responsive Gene

scholarly journals Trinexapac-ethyl Affects Kentucky Bluegrass Root Architecture

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1539-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Beasley ◽  
Bruce E. Branham ◽  
Loretta M. Ortiz-Ribbing
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) [4-(cyclopropyl-a-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] effects on turfgrass root architecture are not known. It has been postulated that PGR application could cause photoassimilate that is normally used for shoot growth to be funneled to root growth. This study evaluated the effects of a single TE application on kentucky bluegrass (KBG) root and shoot growth for seven weeks. Individual KBG plants were grown in a hydroponic system and harvested weekly. At each harvest, tiller height, tiller number, and color ratings were recorded. Estimates of total root length (TRL), root surface area (SA), and average root diameter were measured using the WinRhizo system. Trinexapac-ethyl reduced plant height for 4 weeks followed by a period of postinhibition growth enhancement. Trinexapac-ethyl increased tiller number over the course of the study and slightly enhanced plant color. Trinexapac-ethyl reduced TRL and SA 48% and 46% at 1 week after treatment (WAT) followed by an accelerated growth rate 1 to 4 WAT. Trinexapac-ethyl had no effect on root diameter. On a tiller basis, TE initially reduced TRL and SA 30% and 31%, respectively. Total root length per tiller and root surface area per tiller were reduced by TE treatment, but by 7 WAT, those differences were no longer significant. Initial reductions in TRL and SA per tiller may reduce tiller competitiveness for water and nutrients. Based on data for TRL and SA per tiller, shoot and root growth must be considered in total to fully understand TE effects on plant growth. Field research is needed to corroborate results from hydroponic-studies and examine the effect of various TE rates and multiple applications on turfgrass root and shoot growth.

scholarly journals A QTL for root growth angle on rice chromosome 7 is involved in the genetic pathway of DEEPER ROOTING 1

Rice ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusaku Uga ◽  
Yuka Kitomi ◽  
Eiji Yamamoto ◽  
Noriko Kanno ◽  
Sawako Kawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Rice Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
Genetic Pathway ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle

Root growth angle: An important trait that influences the deep rooting of apple rootstocks

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 256-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haishan An ◽  
Haiqiang Dong ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Xuefeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle ◽  
Important Trait

scholarly journals ENHANCED GRAVITROPISM 2 encodes a STERILE ALPHA MOTIF–containing protein that controls root growth angle in barley and wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (35) ◽  
pp. e2101526118
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn K. Kirschner ◽  
Serena Rosignoli ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
Isaia Vardanega ◽  
Jafargholi Imani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Elongation Zone ◽  
Sterile Alpha Motif ◽  
Growth Angle ◽  
Root Growth Angle

The root growth angle defines how roots grow toward the gravity vector and is among the most important determinants of root system architecture. It controls water uptake capacity, nutrient use efficiency, stress resilience, and, as a consequence, yield of crop plants. We demonstrated that the egt2 (enhanced gravitropism 2) mutant of barley exhibits steeper root growth of seminal and lateral roots and an auxin-independent higher responsiveness to gravity compared to wild-type plants. We cloned the EGT2 gene by a combination of bulked-segregant analysis and whole genome sequencing. Subsequent validation experiments by an independent CRISPR/Cas9 mutant allele demonstrated that egt2 encodes a STERILE ALPHA MOTIF domain–containing protein. In situ hybridization experiments illustrated that EGT2 is expressed from the root cap to the elongation zone. We demonstrated the evolutionary conserved role of EGT2 in root growth angle control between barley and wheat by knocking out the EGT2 orthologs in the A and B genomes of tetraploid durum wheat. By combining laser capture microdissection with RNA sequencing, we observed that seven expansin genes were transcriptionally down-regulated in the elongation zone. This is consistent with a role of EGT2 in this region of the root where the effect of gravity sensing is executed by differential cell elongation. Our findings suggest that EGT2 is an evolutionary conserved regulator of root growth angle in barley and wheat that could be a valuable target for root-based crop improvement strategies in cereals.

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