Association between root growth angle and root length density of a near-isogenic line of IR64 rice with DEEPER ROOTING 1 under different levels of soil compaction

Soil compaction can seriously restrict root growth both in surface and subsurface soil layers, preventing the root system to uptake water and nutrients from deeper layers in wheat due to intensive puddling in rice. To understand the effect of compaction (BD1 = bulk density 1.4 g cm-3 and BD2 = 1.8 g cm-3) on root growth of wheat, a pot experiment was conducted in ambient condition during wheat growing period (November-April) in 2017-18. This experiment was done with microbially treated wheat seeds (M1 to M6) to observe the effects of microbial cultures on root growth under compacted soil condition in comparison to control where no seed treatment was done. BD1 registered a marginally 28% higher root length density than BD2. Among seed treatment with microbial cultures (MC), MC5 resulted in highest root length density (23% higher than the control). Unlike root length density, root volume density was influenced significantly (p less than 0.05) by microbial seed inoculation, although soil compaction had marginal impact. Average diameter of root varied significantly among treatments due to both soil compaction and microbial seed treatment (p less than 0.01). Average diameter was significantly higher (20%, p less than 0.01) in BD2 than BD1. MC2 recorded higher (45-33%, p less than 0.01) root diameter than other treatments but was comparable with MC3. It can be concluded that Seed treatment with suitable microbial culture can promote the crop growth in general and root growth in particular under compacted soil condition.

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Proline-Mediated Drought Tolerance in the Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Isogenic Line Is Associated with Lateral Root Growth at the Early Seedling Stage

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2177

Author(s):

Felix Frimpong ◽

Michael Anokye ◽

Carel W. Windt ◽

Ali A. Naz ◽

Michael Frei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Root Growth ◽

Water Availability ◽

Root Length ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Rooting Depth ◽

Isogenic Line ◽

Reduced Water

A vigorous root system in barley promotes water uptake from the soil under water-limited conditions. We investigated three spring barley genotypes with varying water stress responses using rhizoboxes at the seedling stage. The genotypes comprised two elite German cultivars, Barke and Scarlett, and a near-isogenic line, NIL 143. The isogenic line harbors the wild allele pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase1-P5cs1. Root growth in rhizoboxes under reduced water availability conditions caused a significant reduction in total root length, rooting depth, root maximum width, and root length density. On average, root growth was reduced by more than 20% due to water stress. Differences in organ proline concentrations were observed for all genotypes, with shoots grown under water stress exhibiting at least a 30% higher concentration than the roots. Drought induced higher leaf and root proline concentrations in NIL 143 compared with any of the other genotypes. Under reduced water availability conditions, NIL 143 showed less severe symptoms of drought, higher lateral root length, rooting depth, maximum root width, root length density, and convex hull area compared with Barke and Scarlett. Within the same comparison, under water stress, NIL 143 had a higher proportion of lateral roots (+30%), which were also placed at deeper substrate horizons. NIL 143 had a less negative plant water potential and higher relative leaf water content and stomatal conductance compared with the other genotypes under water stress. Under these conditions, this genotype also maintained an enhanced net photosynthetic rate and exhibited considerable fine root growth (diameter class 0.05–0.35 mm). These results show that water stress induces increased shoot and root proline accumulation in the NIL 143 barley genotype at the seedling stage and that this effect is associated with increased lateral root growth.

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CORN ROOT LENGTH DENSITY AND ROOT DIAMETER AS AFFECTED BY SOIL COMPACTION AND SOIL WATER CONTENT

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2007v12n1p14-26 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 14-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Charles Duruoha ◽

Cassio Roberto Piffer ◽

Paulo Arbex Silva

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Root Length ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Root Diameter

CORN ROOT LENGTH DENSITY AND ROOT DIAMETER AS AFFECTED BY SOIL COMPACTION AND SOIL WATER CONTENT Charles Duruoha1; Cassio Roberto Piffer2; Paulo Arbex Silva2(1) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL - U.S.A, [email protected] (2) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Botucatu, SP 1 ABSTRACT Negative effects of soil compaction have been recognized as one of the problems restricting the root system and consequently impairing yields, especially in the Southern Coastal Plain of the USA. Simulations of the root restricting layers in green house studies are necessary for the development of mechanism which alleviates soil compaction problems in these soils. The selection of three distinct bulk densities based on the standard proctor test is also an important factor to determine which bulk density restricts the root layer. The experiment was conducted to assess the root length density and root diameter of the corn (Zea mays L.) crop as a function of bulk density and water stress, characterized by the soil density (1.2; 1.4, and 1.6 g cm-3), and two levels of the water content, approximately (70 and 90% field capacity). The statistical design adopted was completely randomized design, with four replicates in a factorial pattern of (3 x 2). The PVC tubes were superimposed with an internal diameter of 20 cm with a height of 40 cm (the upper tube 20 cm, compacted and inferior tube 10 cm), the hardpan with different levels of soil compaction were located between 20 and 30 cm of the depth of the pot. Results showed that: the main effects of subsoil mechanical impedance were observed on the top layer indicating that the plants had to penetrate beyond the favorable soil conditions before root growth was affected from 3.16; 2.41 to 1.37 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). There was a significant difference at the hardpan layer for the two levels of water and 90% field capacity reduced the root growth from 0.91 to 0.60 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). The root length density and root diameter were affected by increasing soil bulk density from 1.2 to 1.6 g cm-3 which caused penetration resistance to increase to 1.4 MPa. Soil water content of 70% field capacity furnished better root growth in all the layers studied. The increase in root length density resulted in increased root volume. It can also be concluded that the effect of soil compaction impaired the root diameter mostly at the hardpan layer. Soil temperature had detrimental effect on the root growth mostly with higher bulk densities. KEYWORDS: Soil compaction, water, bulk density, soil strength, root growth. DURUOHA, C.; PIFFER, C. R.; SILVA, P. A. COMPRIMENTO E DIÂMETRO RADICULAR DO MILHO, EM FUNÇÃO DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO TEOR DE ÁGUA NO SOLO 2 RESUMO Os efeitos negativos da compactação do solo vêm sendo reconhecidos como um dos problemas que restringe o sistema radicular e conseqüentemente, impede a produção agrícola, especialmente no sudoeste dos Estados Unidos. Simulações de camadas de restrição de raízes, em casa de vegetação, são necessárias para desenvolver mecanismos que reduzam problemas de compactação dos solos. A seleção de três diferentes densidades de solo, baseadas no ensaio de Proctor é também um fator importante para determinar qual densidade restringe a penetração da raiz. O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o comprimento e diâmetro radicular da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), em função da densidade do solo e do estresse hídrico, caracterizado pelas densidades (1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 cm-3) e dois níveis de teor de água (70 e 90 % da capacidade de campo). O método estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3 x 2). Os vasos foram montados em tubos de PVC, com diâmetro interno de 20 cm, sobrepostos, totalizando 40 cm de altura (anel superior com 20 cm e anéis compactado e inferior com 10 cm), a camada com diferentes níveis de solo compactado foi instalada entre 20 e 30 cm de profundidade nos vasos. Os resultados indicaram, através da resistência mecânica que na camada superior as raízes conseguiram penetrar até onde havia condições favoráveis do solo, antes que o sistema radicular fosse afetado de 3,16; 2,41 e 1,37 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). Ocorreu diferença significativa na camada compactada para os dois níveis de teor de água, sendo que a 90 % da capacidade de campo houve uma redução do crescimento radicular de 0,91 para 0,60 cm cm-3 (P<0,005). O comprimento e o diâmetro radicular foram afetados pelo aumento da densidade do solo de 1,2 a 1,6 g cm-3, com resistência à penetração de 1.4 MPa. O teor de água de 70 % da capacidade de campo proporcionou maior comprimento radicular em todas as densidades estudadas. O aumento no comprimento radicular resultou em maior volume radicular. Concluiu-se também que os efeitos da compactação do solo prejudicaram o diâmetro radicular, principalmente na camada compactada. A temperatura do solo afetou o crescimento radicular, principalmente nas camadas com densidade elevada. UNITERMOS: compactação do solo, teor de água, densidade do solo, resistência à penetração, crescimento radicular.

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Genetic improvement for root growth angle to enhance crop production

Breeding Science ◽

10.1270/jsbbs.65.111 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 111-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Yusaku Uga ◽

Yuka Kitomi ◽

Satoru Ishikawa ◽

Masahiro Yano

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Crop Production ◽

Growth Angle ◽

Root Growth Angle

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Associations Between Productivity, Root Growth and Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Phaseolus vulgaris Under Water Deficit

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9900189 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 189 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

JW White ◽

JA Castillo ◽

J Ehleringer

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Root Growth ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Rooting Depth ◽

Rainfed Conditions

Recent theoretical and empirical studies have indicated that isotopic discrimination against 13C (Δ) during photosynthesis in C3 plants reflects variation in intercellular CO2 concentration (ci). Under water deficit, cultivar differences in Δ may indicate differences in leaf gas exchange characteristics. Cultivar differences in Δ may also result indirectly from genetic variation in root characteristics affecting the level of water stress experienced by the canopy. Differences in root growth affecting the degree of dehydration postponement could prolong gas exchange activity and the maintenance of relatively high ci and Δ. To evaluate relations between root growth, productivity and Δ in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Δ and crop growth parameters, including biomass production, grain yield and root length density, were determined for ten bean genotypes grown under rainfed conditions at two sites in Colombia which differed primarily in soil fertility and effective rooting depth. The 10 genotypes were also grown under irrigation at the more fertile site. Under rainfed conditions, root length density was positively correlated with Δ in the fertile Mollisol at Palmira, and was also positively correlated with Δ in the infertile Oxisol at Quilichao if one possibly abberent genotype was excluded. At Palmira, reduced crop growth and seed yield were associated with low Δ values. At Quilichao, intermediate Δ values were associated with the greatest growth and yield. Under irrigation at Palmira there was no association between growth or yield and Δ.

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An evaluation of the minirhizotron technique for estimating root distribution in potatoes

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600078151 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 341-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

C. J. Parker ◽

M. K. V. Carr ◽

N. J. Jarvis ◽

B. O. Puplampu ◽

V. H. Lee

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Quantitative Measure ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Root Tips ◽

Core Sampling ◽

Glass Tubes ◽

Poor Soil ◽

Made In

SUMMARYThe minirhizotron technique was evaluated for estimating root length density in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum‘Record’) by comparing observations in angled 45° glass tubes with corresponding root length densities obtained by (a) destructive core sampling, and from (b) counts of root tips on the soil face of excavated trenches. Measurements were made in a field experiment in Bedfordshire, UK, in 1985, with shallow and deep cultivation as variables, and in a glasshouse trial.Only at depths below 0·3 m did root lengths observed with minirhizotrons reflect at all closely those estimated from core sampling and even then there was a tendency to overestimate root density. In the surface cultivated layers, where 80–90% of the total root length was present, results from minirhizotrons were unreliable, probably because of poor soil–tube contact and, in soils which shrink on drying, preferential root growth at the interface between the soil and the glass.Minirhizotrons can provide a realistic estimate of the rate of root growth of potatoes with depth over time when compared with maximum depths of water extraction, but appear to be unreliable for providing a quantitative measure of total root length density.

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ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1064e ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1064e-1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edward F. Gilman ◽

Michael E. Kane

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Weight ◽

Root Area ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Shoot Weight ◽

Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

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A Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Metrics of Root Architecture

Plant Phenomics ◽

10.34133/2021/6953197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Harini Rangarajan ◽

Jonathan P. Lynch

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Measurement Errors ◽

Root Architecture ◽

Projection Methods ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Imaging Method ◽

Root Branching ◽

Growth Angle ◽

Root Growth Angle

High throughput phenotyping is important to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype. The methods used to describe the phenotype therefore should be robust to measurement errors, relatively stable over time, and most importantly, provide a reliable estimate of elementary phenotypic components. In this study, we use functional-structural modeling to evaluate quantitative phenotypic metrics used to describe root architecture to determine how they fit these criteria. Our results show that phenes such as root number, root diameter, and lateral root branching density are stable, reliable measures and are not affected by imaging method or plane. Metrics aggregating multiple phenes such as total length, total volume, convex hull volume, and bushiness index estimate different subsets of the constituent phenes; they however do not provide any information regarding the underlying phene states. Estimates of phene aggregates are not unique representations of underlying constituent phenes: multiple phenotypes having phenes in different states could have similar aggregate metrics. Root growth angle is an important phene which is susceptible to measurement errors when 2D projection methods are used. Metrics that aggregate phenes which are complex functions of root growth angle and other phenes are also subject to measurement errors when 2D projection methods are used. These results support the hypothesis that estimates of phenes are more useful than metrics aggregating multiple phenes for phenotyping root architecture. We propose that these concepts are broadly applicable in phenotyping and phenomics.

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Effects of tillage on soil physical properties and root growth of maize in loam and clay in central China

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/57/2013-pse ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 295-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

B. Ji ◽

Y. Zhao ◽

X. Mu ◽

K. Liu ◽

C. Li

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Central China ◽

Deep Tillage

Subsoil compaction can result in unfavourable soil physical conditions and hinder the root growth of maize. The effects of deep tillage and conventional tillage on soil physical properties and root growth of maize were studied during 2010–2011 at two sites (loam at Hebi and clay at Luohe) in central China. The results showed that soil penetration resistance, bulk density, water content and root length density were significantly affected by tillage, soil depth and year. Deep tillage had lower penetration resistance and lower soil bulk density, but higher soil water content than conventional tillage across years and depths. Averaged over the whole soil profile, deep tillage not only significantly decreased penetration resistance and soil bulk density, but significantly increased soil water content and root length density on loam, while deep tillage only significantly increased the root length density on clay. We conclude that deep tillage on the loam is more suitable for the root growth of summer maize.

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Spacial distribution of fertigated coffee root system

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542016411021316 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 72-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marcelo Rossi Vicente ◽

Everardo Chartuni Mantovani ◽

André Luís Teixeira Fernandes ◽

Júlio César Lima Neves ◽

Edmilson Marques Figueredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Plant Root ◽

Root Density ◽

Coffee Plant ◽

Coffee Plants ◽

Plant Root System ◽

Different Levels

ABSTRACT The development of coffee plant root system changes when subjected to drip irrigation and fertigation. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of fertigation on the development of coffee root system by drip irrigation in western Bahia. The experiment was carried out with Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 coffee plants, of about 3.5 years of age, in the “Café do Rio Branco” farm, located in Barreiras - BA, and consisted of a complete randomized blocks design with 3 replicates. Treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilization (900/800, 600/500 and 300/250 kg ha-1 year-1 N and K2O), weekly distributed, by means of fertigation, throughout the process. After the fourth harvest, coffee root system was evaluated, and root length density (RLD) and root density (RD) were determined at different sampled layers. The highest root concentration, root length density (RLD), and root density (RD) were observed in the superficial layers of soil (0-20 cm), and under the dripline (30 and 70 cm from the orthotropic branch). Results showed that the lower the N and K2O levels, the higher was the development (RLD and RD) of the coffee root system.

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