scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic response of Medicago truncatula to high and low benefit mycorrhizal fungi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Cope ◽  
Arjun Kafle ◽  
Jaya Krishna Yakha ◽  
Philip E. Pfeffer ◽  
Gary D. Strahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ammonium Transporter ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Transcriptomic Response

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provide their host plants with greater access to limited mineral nutrients, but the amount they provide can be variable. Here, we evaluated the capacity of the high-benefit fungus Rhizophagus irregularis 09 and the low-benefit fungus Glomus aggregatum 165 to transfer nitrogen and phosphorus to the host plant Medicago truncatula, and identified putative molecular mechanisms regulating the physiological response of the host to these fungi. R. irregularis led to an increase in plant biomass and transferred more nitrogen and phosphate to the host than G. aggregatum. This increase was linked to elevated expression of known mycorrhiza-induced phosphate (PT8), ammonium (AMT2;3), and nitrate (NPF4.12) transporters in the roots, as well as the putative ammonium transporter NIP1;5. R. irregularis also stimulated the expression of photosynthesis related genes in the shoot and the upregulation of the mycorrhiza-induced sugar transporter SWEET1.2 and the lipid biosynthesis gene RAM2 in the roots, which is indicative of increased carbon flux to this fungus. In contrast, G. aggregatum induced biotic stress defense response genes (e.g., Medtr4g120760 and Medtr8g096900) in the shoots, and several genes associated with the GO term "response to water deprivation" in the roots of M. truncatula. This could indicate that the host perceives colonization by the low-benefit fungus as pathogen attack, or that G. aggregatum is more effective than R. irregularis at priming host defense responses. Our findings reveal novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which host plants reward high- but sanction low-benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analytical Approach on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Efficiency on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Murugesan Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts of higher plants which increase the growth and nutrient uptake of host plants. The primary objective was initiated based on analyzing the enormity of optimal effects upon AMF inoculation in a comparative bias between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants stipulated on plant biomass and nutrient uptake. Consequently, in accomplishing the above-mentioned objective a vast literature was collected, analyzed, and evaluated to establish a weighted meta-analysis irrespective of AMF species, plant species, family and functional group, and experimental conditions in the context of beneficial effects of AMF. I found a significant increase in the shoot, root, and total biomass by 36.3%, 28.5%, and, 29.7%, respectively. Moreover, mycorrhizal plants significantly increased phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium uptake by 36.3%, 22.1%, and 18.5%, respectively. Affirmatively upon cross-verification studies, plant growth parameters intensification was accredited to AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus followed by Funniliforme mosseae), plants (Triticum aestivum followed by Solanum lycopersicum), and plant functional groups (dicot, herbs, and perennial) were the additional vital important significant predictor variables of plant growth responses. Therefore, the meta-analysis concluded that the emancipated prominent root characteristics, increased morphological traits that eventually help the host plants for efficient phosphorus uptake, thereby enhancing plant biomass. The present analysis can be rationalized for any plant stress and assessment of any microbial agent that contributes to plant growth promotion.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants Mediated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Cheng ◽  
Ying-Ning Zou ◽  
Kamil Kuča ◽  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Symbiotic Association

Plants are often subjected to various environmental stresses during their life cycle, among which drought stress is perhaps the most significant abiotic stress limiting plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, a group of beneficial soil fungi, can enhance the adaptability and tolerance of their host plants to drought stress after infecting plant roots and establishing a symbiotic association with their host plant. Therefore, AM fungi represent an eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. There is still a need, however, to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhancement of plant drought tolerance to ensure their effective use. AM fungi establish well-developed, extraradical hyphae on root surfaces, and function in water absorption and the uptake and transfer of nutrients into host cells. Thus, they participate in the physiology of host plants through the function of specific genes encoded in their genome. AM fungi also modulate morphological adaptations and various physiological processes in host plants, that help to mitigate drought-induced injury and enhance drought tolerance. Several AM-specific host genes have been identified and reported to be responsible for conferring enhanced drought tolerance. This review provides an overview of the effect of drought stress on the diversity and activity of AM fungi, the symbiotic relationship that exists between AM fungi and host plants under drought stress conditions, elucidates the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhanced drought tolerance in plants, and provides an outlook for future research.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic trait conservatism and the evolution of functional trade-offs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1676) ◽  
pp. 4237-4245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff R. Powell ◽  
Jeri L. Parrent ◽  
Miranda M. Hart ◽  
John N. Klironomos ◽  
Matthias C. Rillig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Correlated Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs

The diversity of functional and life-history traits of organisms depends on adaptation as well as the legacy of shared ancestry. Although the evolution of traits in macro-organisms is well studied, relatively little is known about character evolution in micro-organisms. Here, we surveyed an ancient and ecologically important group of microbial plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and tested hypotheses about the evolution of functional and life-history traits. Variation in the extent of root and soil colonization by AM fungi is constrained to a few nodes basal to the most diverse groups within the phylum, with relatively little variation associated with recent divergences. We found no evidence for a trade-off in biomass allocated to root versus soil colonization in three published glasshouse experiments; rather these traits were positively correlated. Partial support was observed for correlated evolution between fungal colonization strategies and functional benefits of the symbiosis to host plants. The evolution of increased soil colonization was positively correlated with total plant biomass and shoot phosphorus content. Although the effect of AM fungi on infection by root pathogens was phylogenetically conserved, there was no evidence for correlated evolution between the extent of AM fungal root colonization and pathogen infection. Variability in colonization strategies evolved early in the diversification of AM fungi, and we propose that these strategies were influenced by functional interactions with host plants, resulting in an evolutionary stasis resembling trait conservatism.

scholarly journals Physiological and biochemical responses of soybean plants inoculated with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium under drought stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. Sheteiwy ◽  
Dina Fathi Ismail Ali ◽  
You-Cai Xiong ◽  
Marian Brestic ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Reverse Trend ◽  
Soybean Plants

Abstract Background The present study aims to study the effects of biofertilizers potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B. japonicum) strains on yield and growth of drought stressed soybean (Giza 111) plants at early pod stage (50 days from sowing, R3) and seed development stage (90 days from sowing, R5). Results Highest plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, nodulation, and grain yield were observed in the unstressed plants as compared with water stressed-plants at R3 and R5 stages. At soil rhizosphere level, AMF and B. japonicum treatments improved bacterial counts and the activities of the enzymes (dehydrogenase and phosphatase) under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Irrespective of the drought effects, AMF and B. japonicum treatments improved the growth and yield of soybean under both drought (restrained irrigation) and adequately-watered conditions as compared with untreated plants. The current study revealed that AMF and B. japonicum improved catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in the seeds, and a reverse trend was observed in case of malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline under drought stress. The relative expression of the CAT and POD genes was up-regulated by the application of biofertilizers treatments under drought stress condition. Interestingly a reverse trend was observed in the case of the relative expression of the genes involved in the proline metabolism such as P5CS, P5CR, PDH, and P5CDH under the same conditions. The present study suggests that biofertilizers diminished the inhibitory effect of drought stress on cell development and resulted in a shorter time for DNA accumulation and the cycle of cell division. There were notable changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the secondary metabolism and expression levels of GmSPS1, GmSuSy, and GmC-INV in the plants treated with biofertilizers and exposed to the drought stress at both R3 and R5 stages. These changes in the activities of secondary metabolism and their transcriptional levels caused by biofertilizers may contribute to increasing soybean tolerance to drought stress. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that application of biofertilizers to soybean plants is a promising approach to alleviate drought stress effects on growth performance of soybean plants. The integrated application of biofertilizers may help to obtain improved resilience of the agro ecosystems to adverse impacts of climate change and help to improve soil fertility and plant growth under drought stress.

scholarly journals Dual RNA-seq reveals large-scale non-conserved genotype x genotype specific genetic reprograming and molecular crosstalk in the mycorrhizal symbiosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan D. Mateus ◽  
Frédéric G. Masclaux ◽  
Consolée Aletti ◽  
Edward C. Rojas ◽  
Romain Savary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Fungal Genetic

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) impact plant growth and are a major driver of plant diversity and productivity. We quantified the contribution of intra-specific genetic variability in cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Rhizophagus irregularis to gene reprogramming in symbioses using dual RNA-sequencing. A large number of cassava genes exhibited altered transcriptional responses to the fungus but transcription of most of these plant genes (72%) responded in a different direction or magnitude depending on the plant genotype. Two AMF isolates displayed large differences in their transcription, but the direction and magnitude of the transcriptional responses for a large number of these genes was also strongly influenced by the genotype of the plant host. This indicates that unlike the highly conserved plant genes necessary for the symbiosis establishment, plant and fungal gene transcriptional responses are not conserved and are greatly influenced by plant and fungal genetic differences, even at the within-species level. The transcriptional variability detected allowed us to identify an extensive gene network showing the interplay in plant-fungal reprogramming in the symbiosis. Key genes illustrated that the two organisms jointly program their cytoskeleton organisation during growth of the fungus inside roots. Our study reveals that plant and fungal genetic variation plays a strong role in shaping the genetic reprograming in response to symbiosis, indicating considerable genotype x genotype interactions in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Such variation needs to be considered in order to understand the molecular mechanisms between AMF and their plant hosts in natural communities.

scholarly journals The effect of inoculation of pea plants with mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium on nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Geneva ◽  
G. Zehirov ◽  
E. Djonova ◽  
N. Kaloyanova ◽  
G. Georgiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity

The study evaluated the response of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Avola) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, strain D 293, regarding the growth, photosynthesis, nodulation and nitrogen fixation activity. Pea plants were grown in a glasshouse until the flowering stage (35 days), in 4 kg plastic pots using leached cinnamonic forest soil (Chromic Luvisols – FAO) at P levels 13.2 (P1) and 39.8 (P2) mg P/kg soil. The obtained results demonstrated that the dual inoculation of pea plants significantly increased the plant biomass, photosynthetic rate, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation activity in comparison with single inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae strain D 293. On the other hand, coinoculation significantly increased the total phosphorus content in plant tissue, acid phosphatase activity and percentage of root colonization. The effectiveness of coinoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Glomus mosseae was higher at the low phosphorus level while the coinoculation with Glomus intraradices appeared to be the most effective at higher phosphorus level.

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms on soil aggregate stability, glomalin, and performance of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary N. Muchane ◽  
Mirjam M. Pulleman ◽  
Bernard Vanlauwe ◽  
Joyce Jefwa ◽  
Thomas W. Kuyper
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Crop Performance ◽  
Epigeic Earthworms

Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modify soil physical and chemical properties. However, little is known about how their interactions affect water-stable aggregation, glomalin and crop performance. A greenhouse experiment was run for 9 months to test the effects of earthworms (endogeic, Pontoscolex corethrurus; and epigeic, Dichogaster bolaui) and AMF (none, Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora verrucosa) on water-stable aggregation, glomalin levels in aggregate size classes and crop performance. The test crop was pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). The soil material used for the experiment was a humic nitisol from central Kenya mixed with sand (ratio 1:1). Grass residue (equivalent to 20tha–1) was placed on top. The AMF root colonisation and external hyphal length, water-stable macroaggregates and microaggregates, total and easily-extractable glomalin in aggregate size classes, plant biomass and plant N and P uptake were measured. Earthworms were a major source of variation for soil aggregation, glomalin content and crop performance. The epigeic earthworms (D. bolaui) increased the amount of water-stable macroaggregates (by 10%) and glomalin in microaggregates and improved crop (growth and biomass) performance. The endogeic earthworms (P. corethrurus) reduced external hyphal length, root colonisation and crop performance but had no effect on water-stable aggregates and glomalin levels in in aggregate size classes. A significant AMF×earthworm interaction was observed for plant biomass and concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The AMF species together with epigeic earthworms increased plant biomass and N and P concentrations. Our results contribute to the understanding of interactions between AMF and earthworms in relation to soil aggregation, plant productivity and nutrient uptake.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document