Deregulation of epigenetic marks is correlated to differential exon usage of developmental genes

ABSTRACTAlternative exon usage is known to affect a large portion of genes in mammalian genomes. Importantly, different splice forms sometimes lead to distinctly different protein functions. We analyzed data from the Human Epigenome Atlas (version 9) whereby we connected the differential usage of exons in various developmental stages of human cells/tissues to differential epigenetic modifications at the exon level. In total, we analyzed 19 human tissues, adult cells, and cultured cells that mimic early developmental stages. We found that the differential occurrence of protein isoforms across developmental stages was often associated with changes in histone marks at exon boundary regions. Many of the genes that are differentially regulated at the exon level were found to be functionally associated with development and metabolism.

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Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010005161x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 320-321

Author(s):

J. P. Revel

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Movement ◽

Cellular Interactions ◽

Serial Sections ◽

Cell Sheets ◽

Freeze Etching ◽

Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

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Review of early developmental stages of trilobites and agnostids from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic)

Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series ◽

10.2478/jzh-2018-0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 186 (1) ◽

pp. 103-112

Author(s):

Lukáš Laibl ◽

Oldřich Fatka

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

History Of Research ◽

Early Developmental Stages ◽

History Of ◽

Barrandian Area ◽

Early Developmental

This contribution briefly summarizes the history of research, modes of preservation and stratigraphic distribution of 51 trilobite and five agnostid taxa from the Barrandian area, for which the early developmental stages have been described.

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The Effect of an Anthropogenic Magnetic Field on the Early Developmental Stages of Fishes—A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1210

Author(s):

Krzysztof Formicki ◽

Agata Korzelecka-Orkisz ◽

Adam Tański

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Fields ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Pigment Cells ◽

Egg Activation ◽

Industrial Equipment ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Early Developmental Stages ◽

Species Specific ◽

Early Developmental

The number of sources of anthropogenic magnetic and electromagnetic fields generated by various underwater facilities, industrial equipment, and transferring devices in aquatic environment is increasing. These have an effect on an array of fish life processes, but especially the early developmental stages. The magnitude of these effects depends on field strength and time of exposure and is species-specific. We review studies on the effect of magnetic fields on the course of embryogenesis, with special reference to survival, the size of the embryos, embryonic motor function, changes in pigment cells, respiration hatching, and directional reactions. We also describe the effect of magnetic fields on sperm motility and egg activation. Magnetic fields can exert positive effects, as in the case of the considerable extension of sperm capability of activation, or have a negative influence in the form of a disturbance in heart rate or developmental instability in inner ear organs.

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Wnt/β-catenin Pathway-Mediated PPARδ Expression during Embryonic Development Differentiation and Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041854 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1854

Author(s):

Tabinda Sidrat ◽

Zia-Ur Rehman ◽

Myeong-Don Joo ◽

Kyeong-Lim Lee ◽

Il-Keun Kong

Keyword(s):

Embryonic Development ◽

Transcriptional Activation ◽

Target Gene ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Hereditary Diseases ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Stem Cell Regulation ◽

Early Developmental

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in early embryonic development. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a major regulator of cell proliferation and keeps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the pluripotent state. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling in the early developmental stages causes several hereditary diseases that lead to embryonic abnormalities. Several other signaling molecules are directly or indirectly activated in response to Wnt/β-catenin stimulation. The crosstalk of these signaling factors either synergizes or opposes the transcriptional activation of β-catenin/Tcf4-mediated target gene expression. Recently, the crosstalk between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ), which belongs to the steroid superfamily, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to take place during several aspects of embryonic development. However, numerous questions need to be answered regarding the function and regulation of PPARδ in coordination with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we have summarized the functional activation of the PPARδ in co-ordination with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during the regulation of several aspects of embryonic development, stem cell regulation and maintenance, as well as during the progression of several metabolic disorders.

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Mitochondrial Processes during Early Development of Dictyostelium discoideum: From Bioenergetic to Proteomic Studies

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12050638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 638

Author(s):

Monika Mazur ◽

Daria Wojciechowska ◽

Ewa Sitkiewicz ◽

Agata Malinowska ◽

Bianka Świderska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Coupling Efficiency ◽

Slime Mold ◽

Intact Cells ◽

Life Cycle Stages ◽

Early Developmental Stages ◽

Proteomic Study ◽

And Function ◽

Early Developmental

The slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum’s life cycle includes different unicellular and multicellular stages that provide a convenient model for research concerning intracellular and intercellular mechanisms influencing mitochondria’s structure and function. We aim to determine the differences between the mitochondria isolated from the slime mold regarding its early developmental stages induced by starvation, namely the unicellular (U), aggregation (A) and streams (S) stages, at the bioenergetic and proteome levels. We measured the oxygen consumption of intact cells using the Clarke electrode and observed a distinct decrease in mitochondrial coupling capacity for stage S cells and a decrease in mitochondrial coupling efficiency for stage A and S cells. We also found changes in spare respiratory capacity. We performed a wide comparative proteomic study. During the transition from the unicellular stage to the multicellular stage, important proteomic differences occurred in stages A and S relating to the proteins of the main mitochondrial functional groups, showing characteristic tendencies that could be associated with their ongoing adaptation to starvation following cell reprogramming during the switch to gluconeogenesis. We suggest that the main mitochondrial processes are downregulated during the early developmental stages, although this needs to be verified by extending analogous studies to the next slime mold life cycle stages.

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