A class I hydrophobin in Trichoderma virens influences plant-microbe interactions through enhancement of enzyme activity and MAMP recognition

The filamentous fungus, Trichoderma virens, is a well-known mycoparasitic plant symbiont, valued for its biocontrol capabilities. T. virens initiates a symbiotic relationship with a plant host through the colonization of its roots. To achieve colonization, the fungus must communicate with the host and evade its innate defenses. Hydrophobins from Trichoderma spp. have previously been demonstrated to be involved in colonization of host roots. In this study, the class I hydro-phobin, HFB9A from T. virens was characterized for a potential role in root colonization. Δhfb9a gene deletion mutants colonized less than the wild-type strain, were unable to induce systemic resistance against Colletotrichum graminicola, and showed a reduction in the activity of its cell wall degrading enzymes. The purified HFB9A protein was able to complement the enzyme activity of mutant culture filtrates as well as enhance the activity of commercially sourced cellulase. When exogenously applied to Arabidopsis plants, HFB9A protein induced phosphorylation of AtMAPK3/6, suggesting that it functions as a microbe-associated molecular pattern.

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Sm1, a Proteinaceous Elicitor Secreted by the Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma virens Induces Plant Defense Responses and Systemic Resistance

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-19-0838 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 838-853 ◽

Cited By ~ 217

Author(s):

Slavica Djonović ◽

Maria J. Pozo ◽

Lawrence J. Dangott ◽

Charles R. Howell ◽

Charles M. Kenerley

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Trichoderma Virens ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Toxic Activity ◽

Small Protein

The soilborne filamentous fungus Trichoderma virens is a biocontrol agent with a well-known ability to produce antibiotics, parasitize pathogenic fungi, and induce systemic resistance in plants. Even though a plant-mediated response has been confirmed as a component of bioprotection by Trichoderma spp., the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here, we report the identification, purification, and characterization of an elicitor secreted by T. virens, a small protein designated Sm1 (small protein 1). Sm1 lacks toxic activity against plants and microbes. Instead, native, purified Sm1 triggers production of reactive oxygen species in monocot and dicot seedlings, rice, and cotton, and induces the expression of defense-related genes both locally and systemically in cotton. Gene expression analysis revealed that SM1 is expressed throughout fungal development under different nutrient conditions and in the presence of a host plant. Using an axenic hydroponic system, we show that SM1 expression and secretion of the protein is significantly higher in the presence of the plant. Pretreatment of cotton cotyledons with Sm1 provided high levels of protection to the foliar pathogen Colletotrichum sp. These results indicate that Sm1 is involved in the induction of resistance by Trichoderma spp. through the activation of plant defense mechanisms.

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IPA-1 a Putative Chromatin Remodeler/Helicase-Related Protein of Trichoderma virens Plays Important Roles in Antibiosis Against Rhizoctonia solani and Induction of Arabidopsis Systemic Disease Resistance

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-04-19-0092-r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 808-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magnolia Estrada-Rivera ◽

Miguel Ángel Hernández-Oñate ◽

Mitzuko Dautt-Castro ◽

José de Jesús Gallardo-Negrete ◽

Oscar Guillermo Rebolledo-Prudencio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Copper Ion ◽

Trichoderma Virens ◽

Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Transcriptomic Response ◽

Degrading Enzymes

Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi that colonize plant roots conferring beneficial effects to plants, either indirectly through the induction of their defense systems or directly through the suppression of phytopathogens in the rhizosphere. Transcriptomic analyses of Trichoderma spp. emerged as a powerful method for identifying the molecular events underlying the establishment of this beneficial relationship. Here, we focus on the transcriptomic response of Trichoderma virens during its interaction with Arabidopsis seedlings. The main response of T. virens to cocultivation with Arabidopsis was the repression of gene expression. The biological processes of transport and metabolism of carbohydrates were downregulated, including a set of cell wall–degrading enzymes putatively relevant for root colonization. Repression of such genes reached their basal levels at later times in the interaction, when genes belonging to the biological process of copper ion transport were induced, a necessary process providing copper as a cofactor for cell wall–degrading enzymes with the auxiliary activities class. RNA-Seq analyses showed the induction of a member of the SNF2 family of chromatin remodelers/helicase-related proteins, which was named IPA-1 (increased protection of Arabidopsis-1). Sequence analyses of IPA-1 showed its closest relatives to be members of the Rad5/Rad16 and SNF2 subfamilies; however, it grouped into a different clade. Although deletion of IPA-1 in T. virens did not affect its growth, the antibiotic activity of Δipa-1 culture filtrates against Rhizoctonia solani diminished but it remained unaltered against Botrytis cinerea. Triggering of the plant defense genes in plants treated with Δipa-1 was higher, showing enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae but not against B. cinerea as compared with the wild type.

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INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE AND PROMOTION OF PLANT GROWTH IN OIL PALM SEEDLINGS BY ENDOPHYTIC Trichoderma virens

Journal of Oil Palm Research ◽

10.21894/jopr.2019.0031 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

FARAH AMIRA MD PAUDZAI

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Induced Systemic Resistance ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Trichoderma Virens

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Evaluation of Activity of Tannases Produced by Isolated from Syrian Woody Soils Trichoderma citrinoviride and T. brevicompactum on Tannins Degradation

Arab Journal Of Plant Protection ◽

10.22268/ajpp-39.2.126134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 126-134

Author(s):

Manal Al-Nhlaoui ◽

◽

Adnan Nizam ◽

Manal Daghestani ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Liquid Medium ◽

Decomposition Rate ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Yellowish Green ◽

Trichoderma Citrinoviride

This study was conducted during the period 2019–2020 to identify Trichoderma spp. isolated from woody soils and assessing their efficacy for biodegradation of tannins through tannase enzyme activity produced. Results obtained confirmed the presence of two species; Trichoderma citrinoviride, which was isolated from Maysalon area near Damascus, and characterized by yellowish green colony with dense growth of spores at the center of the colony, and Trichoderma brevicompactum isolated from the Balluran area near Lattakia characterized by yellow colonies with concentric rings. Trichoderma citrinoviride had higher biodegradation activity, measured by degrading different tannins concentrations (2, 4, 6%) collected from Queircus coccifera from Bmelka area in Tartous in liquid medium and led to 85, 87 and 90% degradation, for the three concentrations, respectively, following 12 days incubation. The activity of the produced tannase was measured to be 37.9 units/mg. Whereas, the decomposition rate of the three tannin concentrations by Trichoderma brevicompactum reached 67, 80 , 89%, respectively, again after 12 days of incubation, with enzyme activity measured to be 35.2 units/mg. Keywords: Trichoderma, tannins, tannase, biodegradation, enzyme activit

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Trichoderma Secondary Metabolites that Affect Plant Metabolism

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200701133 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200701 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Francesco Vinale ◽

Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam ◽

Emilio L. Ghisalberti ◽

Michelina Ruocco ◽

Sheridan Woo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Plant Metabolism ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Plant Host ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Plant Growth Promoters

Recently, there have been many exciting new developments relating to the use of Trichoderma spp. as agents for biocontrol of pathogens and as plant growth promoters. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the positive effects of these microorganisms on the plant host. One factor that contributes to their beneficial biological activities is related to the wide variety of metabolites that they produce. These metabolites have been found not only to directly inhibit the growth and pathogenic activities of the parasites, but also to increase disease resistance by triggering the system of defence in the plant host. In addition, these metabolites are also capable of enhancing plant growth, which enables the plant to counteract the disease with compensatory vegetative growth by the augmented production of root and shoot systems. This review takes into account the Trichoderma secondary metabolites that affect plant metabolism and that may play an important role in the complex interactions of this biocontrol agent with the plant and pathogens.

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Hydrophobins class I versus class II: Trichoderma virens HFB9a and HFB9b (class I) are more effective as enhancing agents in enzymatic PET hydrolysis and surface modulators compared to HFB4 and HFB7 (class II)

New Biotechnology ◽

10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.935 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. S190

Author(s):

Agnieszka Przylucka ◽

Doris Ribitsch ◽

Enrique Herrero-Acero ◽

Georg Gübitz ◽

Christian P. Kubicek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Trichoderma Virens

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI600 differentially induces tomato defense signaling pathways depending on plant part and dose of application

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-55645-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anastasia Dimopoulou ◽

Ioannis Theologidis ◽

Burghard Liebmann ◽

Kriton Kalantidis ◽

Nikon Vassilakos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Induced Defense ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Plant Host

AbstractThe success of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a biological control agent relies on its ability to outgrow plant pathogens. It is also thought to interact with its plant host by inducing systemic resistance. In this study, the ability of B. amyloliquefaciens MBI600 to elicit defense (or other) responses in tomato seedlings and plants was assessed upon the expression of marker genes and transcriptomic analysis. Spray application of Serifel, a commercial formulation of MBI600, induced responses in a dose-dependent manner. Low dosage primed plant defense by activation of SA-responsive genes. Suggested dosage induced defense by mediating synergistic cross-talk between JA/ET and SA-signaling. Saturation of tomato roots or leaves with MBI600 elicitors activated JA/ET signaling at the expense of SA-mediated responses. The complex signaling network that is implicated in MBI600-tomato seedling interactions was mapped. MBI600 and flg22 (a bacterial flagellin peptide) elicitors induced, in a similar manner, biotic and abiotic stress responses by the coordinated activation of genes involved in JA/ET biosynthesis as well as hormone and redox signaling. This is the first study to suggest the activation of plant defense following the application of a commercial microbial formulation under conditions of greenhouse crop production.

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