scholarly journals Ecosystem size and complexity dictate riverine biodiversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Terui ◽  
Seoghyun Kim ◽  
Christine L. Dolph ◽  
Taku Kadoya ◽  
Yusuke Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
River Networks ◽  
Dual Control ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Ecosystem Size ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Geographic Regions

AbstractLarger ecosystems support more species; this ubiquitous pattern is the foundation of current conservation schemes. However, many ecosystems possess a complex spatial structure that cannot be represented by area, and the role of such complexity in scaling biodiversity is largely unknown. Here, we use theory and extensive fish community data from two distinct geographic regions (Japan and United States) to show that ecosystem size and complexity dictate riverine biodiversity. We found that larger and more branched ‘complex’ river networks harbored greater species richness due to increased space and environmental heterogeneity. The complexity effect was comparable to the size effect, and this pattern has emerged regardless of ecological contexts. The dual control of biodiversity may be a pervasive feature that has far-reaching implications for biodiversity conservation.One sentence summaryThis study provides the first evidence that ecosystem size and complexity play comparable roles in regulating biodiversity.

Otolaryngologists' Opinions of Voice Therapy for Vocal Nodules in Children

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Moran ◽  
Arthur L. Pentz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Opinion ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Vocal Nodules ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Sizeable Minority

Otolaryngologists were surveyed to determine their professional opinions about the role of voice therapy in the treatment of vocal nodules in children. Questionnaires were sent to physicians in five geographic regions of the United States (Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, and West). Results indicated that, of the respondents, most otolaryngologists have a positive opinion about the role of voice therapy. However, a sizeable minority of respondents did not consider therapy an effective means of treating vocal nodules.

The Role of Gender and Sensation Seeking in Film Choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita C. Banerjee ◽  
Kathryn Greene ◽  
Marina Krcmar ◽  
Zhanna Bagdasarov ◽  
Dovile Ruginyte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Happy Mood

This study demonstrates the significance of individual difference factors, particularly gender and sensation seeking, in predicting media choice (examined through hypothetical descriptions of films that participants anticipated they would view). This study used a 2 (Positive mood/negative mood) × 2 (High arousal/low arousal) within-subject design with 544 undergraduate students recruited from a large northeastern university in the United States. Results showed that happy films and high arousal films were preferred over sad films and low-arousal films, respectively. In terms of gender differences, female viewers reported a greater preference than male viewers for happy-mood films. Also, male viewers reported a greater preference for high-arousal films compared to female viewers, and female viewers reported a greater preference for low-arousal films compared to male viewers. Finally, high sensation seekers reported a preference for high-arousal films. Implications for research design and importance of exploring media characteristics are discussed.

A Good Sentencing Precedent is Hard to Find

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Brian A. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
College Admissions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Federal Sentencing

In federal criminal cases, federal law requires that judges consider the sentences other courts have imposed in factually similar matters. Courts and parties, however, face significant challenges in finding applicable sentencing precedents because judges do not typically issue written sentencing opinions, and transcripts of sentencings are not readily available in advanced searchable databases. At the same time, particularly since the Supreme Court’s 2005 decision in United States v. Booker, sentencing precedent has come to play a significant role in federal sentencing proceedings. By way of example, this article discusses recent cases involving defendants with gambling addictions, and recent cases involving college admissions or testing fraud. The article explores the ways the parties in those cases have used sentencing precedent in their advocacy, as well as the ways the courts involved have used sentencing precedent to justify their decisions. Given the important role of sentencing precedent in federal criminal cases, the article finally looks at ways in which the body of sentencing law could be made more readily available to parties and courts alike.

The link between coronavirus, anxiety, and religious beliefs in the United States and United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Rigoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
The Impact

Research has shown that stress impacts on people’s religious beliefs. However, several aspects of this effect remain poorly understood, for example regarding the role of prior religiosity and stress-induced anxiety. This paper explores these aspects in the context of the recent coronavirus emergency. The latter has impacted dramatically on many people’s well-being; hence it can be considered a highly stressful event. Through online questionnaires administered to UK and USA citizens professing either Christian faith or no religion, this paper examines the impact of the coronavirus crisis upon common people’s religious beliefs. We found that, following the coronavirus emergency, strong believers reported higher confidence in their religious beliefs while non-believers reported increased scepticism towards religion. Moreover, for strong believers, higher anxiety elicited by the coronavirus threat was associated with increased strengthening of religious beliefs. Conversely, for non-believers, higher anxiety elicited by the coronavirus thereat was associated with increased scepticism towards religious beliefs. These observations are consistent with the notion that stress-induced anxiety enhances support for the ideology already embraced before a stressful event occurs. This study sheds light on the psychological and cultural implications of the coronavirus crisis, which represents one of the most serious health emergencies in recent times.

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