scholarly journals Population structure of Drosophila suzukii and signals of multiple invasions into the continental United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M Lewald ◽  
Antoine Abrieux ◽  
Derek A Wilson ◽  
Yoosook Lee ◽  
William R Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Invasions

Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. To improve on previous studies examining genetic structure of D. suzukii, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several representative sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify hundreds of thousands of genetic markers for analysis. We analyzed these markers to detect population structure, to reconstruct migration events, and to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among the continents. We observed strong population structure between West and East Coast populations in the U.S., but no evidence of any population structure North to South, suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to the large differences in regional weather conditions. We also find evidence of repeated migration events from Asia into North America have provided increased levels of genetic diversity, which does not appear to be the case for Brazil or Europe. This large genomic dataset will spur future research into genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

scholarly journals Population genomics of Drosophila suzukii reveal longitudinal population structure and signals of migrations in and out of the continental United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M Lewald ◽  
Antoine Abrieux ◽  
Derek A Wilson ◽  
Yoosook Lee ◽  
William R Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Genomic Dataset ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Whole Genomes

Abstract Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States (U.S.) a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. In this study, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify and analyze hundreds of thousands of genetic markers. We observed strong population structure between Western and Eastern U.S. populations, but no evidence of any population structure between different latitudes within the continental U.S., suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to differences in winter climates. We detect admixture from Hawaii to the Western U.S. and from the Eastern U.S. to Europe, in agreement with previously identified introduction routes inferred from microsatellite analysis. We also detect potential signals of admixture from the Western U.S. back to Asia, which could have important implications for shipping and quarantine policies for exported agriculture. We anticipate this large genomic dataset will spur future research into the genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

scholarly journals Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Armillaria mellea sensu stricto in the Eastern and Western United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 708-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Baumgartner ◽  
Renaud Travadon ◽  
Johann Bruhn ◽  
Sarah E. Bergemann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Genetic Pools

Armillaria mellea infects hundreds of plant species in natural and managed ecosystems throughout the Northern hemisphere. Previously reported nuclear genetic divergence between eastern and western U.S. isolates is consistent with the disjunct range of A. mellea in North America, which is restricted mainly to both coasts of the United States. We investigated patterns of population structure and genetic diversity of the eastern (northern and southern Appalachians, Ozarks, and western Great Lakes) and western (Berkeley, Los Angeles, St. Helena, and San Jose, CA) regions of the United States. In total, 156 diploid isolates were genotyped using 12 microsatellite loci. Absence of genetic differentiation within either eastern subpopulations (θST = –0.002, P = 0.5 ) or western subpopulations (θST = 0.004, P = 0.3 ) suggests that spore dispersal within each region is sufficient to prevent geographic differentiation. In contrast to the western United States, our finding of more than one genetic cluster of isolates within the eastern United States (K = 3), revealed by Bayesian assignment of multilocus genotypes in STRUCTURE and confirmed by genetic multivariate analyses, suggests that eastern subpopulations are derived from multiple founder sources. The existence of amplifiable and nonamplifiable loci and contrasting patterns of genetic diversity between the two regions demonstrate that there are two geographically isolated, divergent genetic pools of A. mellea in the United States.

Genetic diversity studies of alfalfa germplasm (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) of United States origin using microsatellite analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuying Yin ◽  
Yanrong Wang ◽  
Zhibiao Nan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microsatellite Analysis ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
Two Populations

This study aimed to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of alfalfa germplasm from the United States. In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity of six alfalfa cultivars of United States origin were investigated by microsatellite analysis with 40 individuals per cultivar. A total of 312 discernible alleles were amplified from the whole genome with an average of 31.2 alleles per locus. The average values of polymorphic information content and Shannon’s information index were 0.928 and 0.133, respectively, showing high levels of genetic diversity. Two populations were identified by STRUCTURE software with principal coordinate analysis and neighbour-joining clustering. Analysis of molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) revealed that the majority of genetic variation was within cultivars (96.42%) rather than between cultivars (3.58%). In conclusion, analyses of genetic diversity and population structure may be useful for the genetic analysis and utilization of genetic variation in alfalfa breeding.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Fusicladium effusum on Pecan in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 916-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Bock ◽  
B. W. Wood ◽  
K. L. Stevenson ◽  
R. S. Arias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Pecan Scab ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Average Gene

Fusicladium effusum causes pecan scab, which is the most destructive disease of pecan orchards in the United States. Conidia of the pathogen are spread by rain splash and wind. The fungus is pathogenically diverse; yet there is no information on its genetic diversity or population genetics. Universally primed polymerase chain reaction (UP-PCR) was used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure on a hierarchical sample of 194 isolates collected from 11 orchard locations from Florida to Texas, consisting of three to four isolates from each of five to six trees at each location. Genetic variation was high throughout the region, with all but nine of the multilocus haplotypes being unique. Nei's average gene diversity ranged from 0.083 for a population from Mississippi to 0.160 for a population from Kansas. An analysis of molecular variance of the hierarchically sampled populations found that the majority of the genetic variability (82.6%) occurred at the scale of the individual tree and only relatively small amounts among populations in trees from an orchard (5.0%) or within groups (i.e., orchard location populations) (12.5%). The results suggest little population differentiation in F. effusum in the southeastern United States, although φpt values of genetic distance for pairwise comparisons indicated some populations could be differentiated from others. There was evidence of linkage disequilibrium in certain populations, and the common occurrence of asexual reproduction in F. effusum could lead to measurable linkage disequilibrium under certain circumstances. However, the degree of genetic diversity and the scale over which diversity is distributed is evidence that F. effusum undergoes regular recombination despite no known sexual stage.

Tooth Retention and Tooth Loss in the Permanent Dentition of Adults: United States, 1988–1991

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 684-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Marcus ◽  
T.F. Drury ◽  
L.J. Brown ◽  
G.R. Zion
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Tooth Retention ◽  
Lower Arch

While the overall prevalence of tooth loss and edentulism has been declining in the United States over the past several decades, important variations remain among subgroups of the population. Data from Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provide the most current estimates of the prevalence and distribution of tooth retention and tooth loss in the United States. Weighted analyses were conducted for all adults 18+ years of age (n = 8,366) and for selected age, gender, and race-ethnicity groups. In 1988–91, 89.5% of the population was dentate, and 30.5% had retained all 28 teeth. The mean number of teeth retained was 21.1 for all adults and 23.5 for dentate persons. The most commonly retained teeth in the mouth were the six anterior teeth in the lower arch. Conversely, 10.5% of the population was edentulous. Partial edentulism was much more common in the upper arch than in the lower arch. The most commonly missing teeth were the first and second molars. Age was strongly related to every measure of tooth retention and tooth loss. Gender was not related to any of these measures, after adjustment for age. Race-ethnicity was consistently related to these measures, after adjustment for age and gender. In general, Mexican-Americans had the lowest and black non-Hispanics the highest rates of tooth loss. Future research needs to examine a wide range of potential correlates of tooth retention and tooth loss before we can understand the complex interplay among the personal, dental, and environmental factors influencing tooth retention and tooth loss in the United States.

scholarly journals Population Structure of the Blueberry Pathogen Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Burchhardt ◽  
Marc A. Cubeta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New York ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
The United States ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Southeast United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure

The fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi causes disease of blueberry (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus) shoots, flowers, and fruit. The objective of our research was to examine the population biology and genetics of M. vaccinii-corymbosi in the United States. A total of 480 samples of M. vaccinii-corymbosi were collected from 18 blueberry fields in 10 states; one field in Georgia, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Washington and nine fields in North Carolina. Analysis with 10 microsatellite markers revealed 247 unique multilocus haplotypes (MLHs), with 244 MLHs detected within 11 fields in the Northeast, Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast and three MLHs detected within seven fields in the Southeast United States. Genetic similarity and low genetic diversity of M. vaccinii-corymbosi isolates from the seven fields in the Southeast United States suggested the presence of an expansive, self-fertile population. Tests for linkage disequilibrium within 10 fields that contained ≥12 MLHs supported random mating in six fields and possible inbreeding and/or self-fertilization in four fields. Analysis of molecular variance, discriminate analysis of principal components, and Bayesian cluster analysis provided evidence for population structure and restricted gene flow among fields. This research represents the first comprehensive investigation of the genetic diversity and structure of field populations of M. vaccinii-corymbosi.

scholarly journals The Association of E-cigarette Flavors With Satisfaction, Enjoyment, and Trying to Quit or Stay Abstinent From Smoking Among Regular Adult Vapers From Canada and the United States: Findings From the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1831-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Gravely ◽  
K Michael Cummings ◽  
David Hammond ◽  
Eric Lindblom ◽  
Danielle M Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Former Smokers

Abstract Aims This study examined whether nontobacco flavors are more commonly used by vapers (e-cigarette users) compared with tobacco flavor, described which flavors are most popular, and tested whether flavors are associated with: vaping satisfaction relative to smoking, level of enjoyment with vaping, reasons for using e-cigarettes, and making an attempt to quit smoking by smokers. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1603 adults from Canada and the United States who vaped at least weekly, and were either current smokers (concurrent users) or former smokers (exclusive vapers). Respondents were categorized into one of seven flavors they used most in the last month: tobacco, tobacco–menthol, unflavored, or one of the nontobacco flavors: menthol/mint, fruit, candy, or “other” (eg, coffee). Results Vapers use a wide range of flavors, with 63.1% using a nontobacco flavor. The most common flavor categories were fruit (29.4%) and tobacco (28.7%), followed by mint/menthol (14.4%) and candy (13.5%). Vapers using candy (41.0%, p < .0001) or fruit flavors (26.0%, p = .01) found vaping more satisfying (compared with smoking) than vapers using tobacco flavor (15.5%) and rated vaping as very/extremely enjoyable (fruit: 50.9%; candy: 60.9%) than those using tobacco flavor (39.4%). Among concurrent users, those using fruit (74.6%, p = .04) or candy flavors (81.1%, p = .003) were more likely than tobacco flavor users (63.5%) to vape in order to quit smoking. Flavor category was not associated with the likelihood of a quit attempt (p = .46). Among exclusive vapers, tobacco and nontobacco flavors were popular; however, those using tobacco (99.0%) were more likely than those using candy (72.8%, p = .002) or unflavored (42.5%, p = .005) to vape in order to stay quit. Conclusions A majority of regular vapers in Canada and the US use nontobacco flavors. Greater satisfaction and enjoyment with vaping are higher among fruit and candy flavor users. While it does not appear that certain flavors are associated with a greater propensity to attempt to quit smoking among concurrent users, nontobacco flavors are popular among former smokers who are exclusively vaping. Future research should determine the likely impact of flavor bans on those who are vaping to quit smoking or to stay quit. Implications Recent concerns about the attractiveness of e-cigarette flavors among youth have resulted in flavor restrictions in some jurisdictions of the United States and Canada. However, little is known about the possible consequences for current and former smokers if they no longer have access to their preferred flavors. This study shows that a variety of nontobacco flavors, especially fruit, are popular among adult vapers, particularly among those who have quit smoking and are now exclusively vaping. Limiting access to flavors may therefore reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes among adults who are trying to quit smoking or stay quit.

scholarly journals Conservation and Utilization of Livestock Genetic Diversity in the United States of America through Gene Banking

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey D. Blackburn ◽  
Carrie S. Wilson ◽  
Bethany Krehbiel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Span 60

A germplasm collection curated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Germplasm Program contains of over one million samples from over 55,000 animals, representing 165 livestock and poultry breeds. The collection was developed to provide genetic conservation and security for the U.S. livestock sector. Samples in the collection span 60 years, suggesting a wide range of genetic diversity and genetic change is represented for rare and major breeds. Classifying breeds into four groups based upon registration or census estimates of population size of < 1000, < 5000, < 20,000, and > 20,000 indicated that 50% of the collection is comprised of rare breeds in the < 1000 category. As anticipated, collections for breeds in the < 20,000 and > 20,000 are more complete (86% and 98%, respectively) based upon an index combining the number of germplasm samples and the number of animals. For the rarest breeds (< 1000), collection completeness was 45%. Samples from over 6000 animals in the collection have been used for adding diversity to breeds, genomic evaluation, reconstituting populations, or various research projects. Several aspects of collecting germplasm samples from rare breeds are discussed. In addition, approaches that could be used to enhance the status of rare breeds via the repository use are presented. However, given the array of obstacles confronting rare breeds, the gene bank may be the most secure prospect for the long-term conservation of rare breed genetics.

The Politics of Precaution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Scientific Certainty ◽  
European Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regulatory Controls ◽  
Milk Hormones

This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.

Fragments of the American Dream: Immigration, Race, and Medical Care in the Segregated South, 1929

Public Voices ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
John R Phillips
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Dream ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sunflower County

The cover photograph for this issue of Public Voices was taken sometime in the summer of 1929 (probably June) somewhere in Sunflower County, Mississippi. Very probably the photo was taken in Indianola but, perhaps, it was Ruleville. It is one of three such photos, one of which does have the annotation on the reverse “Ruleville Midwives Club 1929.” The young woman wearing a tie in this and in one of the other photos was Ann Reid Brown, R.N., then a single woman having only arrived in the United States from Scotland a few years before, in 1923. Full disclosure: This commentary on the photo combines professional research interests in public administration and public policy with personal interests—family interests—for that young nurse later married and became the author’s mother. From the scholarly perspective, such photographs have been seen as “instrumental in establishing midwives’ credentials and cultural identity at a key transitional moment in the history of the midwife and of public health” (Keith, Brennan, & Reynolds 2012). There is also deep irony if we see these photographs as being a fragment of the American dream, of a recent immigrant’s hope for and success at achieving that dream; but that fragment of the vision is understood quite differently when we see that she began a hopeful career working with a Black population forcibly segregated by law under the incongruously named “separate but equal” legal doctrine. That doctrine, derived from the United States Supreme Court’s 1896 decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, would remain the foundation for legally enforced segregation throughout the South for another quarter century. The options open to the young, white, immigrant nurse were almost entirely closed off for the population with which she then worked. The remaining parts of this overview are meant to provide the following: (1) some biographical information on the nurse; (2) a description, in so far as we know it, of why she was in Mississippi; and (3) some indication of areas for future research on this and related topics.

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