scholarly journals Comparison of the neuraminidase antigenicity in recently circulating influenza A and vaccine viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Gao ◽  
Xing Li ◽  
Hongquan Wan ◽  
Zhiping Ye ◽  
Robert Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Strain Selection ◽  
Reverse Genetic ◽  
Protective Response ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
H3n2 Vaccine

Neuraminidase (NA or N) antigens in circulating influenza viruses are not extensively evaluated for vaccine strain selection like hemagglutinin (HA or H) even though viral-based influenza vaccines include the recommended strain NA in varying amounts. As NA can also elicit a protective response, we assessed the antigenic similarity of the NAs from human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses that were prevalent between September 2019 to December 2020 to NAs from several recently recommended vaccine strains. To eliminate the dependence on isolates, the enzyme-linked lectin assay for analyzing NA antigenicity was performed with reverse genetic viruses carrying the same HA. Our results show that ferret antisera against NAs from the recommended H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains for the 2020-21 northern hemisphere influenza season recognize and inhibit the most prevalent circulating N1s and N2s, suggesting the NAs from the influenza A vaccine and circulating strains are antigenically similar. Comparisons of the recent N2s also revealed a bias in the reactivity of NA antisera from the egg and cell-based H3N2 vaccine strains due to a C-terminal substitution, indicating the C-terminus can influence N2 antigenicity and should receive consideration during the H3N2 strain selection.

scholarly journals Comparative Immunogenicity of the 2014–2015 Northern Hemisphere Trivalent IIV and LAIV against Influenza A Viruses in Children

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jann Catherine Ang ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
Joanne J.F. Wang ◽  
Peter Yu Fan Zeng ◽  
Florian Krammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
H1n1 Vaccine ◽  
Specific Serum ◽  
Serum Iga ◽  
H3n2 Vaccine

Both inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) have been recommended for administration to children. Children are a high-risk group for severe influenza, and a major source of transmission. Therefore, prevention of infection by vaccination is particularly important. However, efficacy and immunogenicity of these vaccines are known to vary by season and geographic location. We compared the immunogenicity of the 2014–2015 Northern Hemisphere trivalent IIV and LAIV against influenza A virus in Canadian Hutterite children aged 2 to 17 using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure hemagglutinin-specific serum IgA and mucosal IgA. Both vaccine formulations induced significant increases in HAI titers against H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains. Serum IgA titers against H3N2 were significantly boosted by both IIV and LAIV, while only IIV induced a significant increase in serum IgA specific to the H1N1 vaccine strain. While HAI titers correlated with protection conferred by IIV, mucosal IgA titers correlated with protection conferred by LAIV (mucosal IgA titers could not be established as a correlate for IIV due to sample size limitations). IIV and LAIV were previously reported to be equally efficacious in this cohort, although the immunogenicity of IIV was generally superior.

scholarly journals Spread of Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States During the 2018–2019 Season

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Flannery ◽  
Rebecca J Garten Kondor ◽  
Jessie R Chung ◽  
Manjusha Gaglani ◽  
Michael Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Vaccine Component ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
H3n2 Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Specimens

Abstract Background Increased illness due to antigenically drifted A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a influenza viruses prompted concerns about vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine strain selection. We used US virologic surveillance and US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network data to evaluate consequences of this clade. Methods Distribution of influenza viruses was described using virologic surveillance data. The Flu VE Network enrolled ambulatory care patients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated VE, comparing the odds of influenza among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. Results During the 2018–2019 influenza season, A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses caused an increasing proportion of influenza cases. Among 2763 Flu VE Network case patients, 1325 (48%) were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 and 1350 (49%) with A(H3N2); clade 3C.3a accounted for 977 (93%) of 1054 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses. VE was 44% (95% confidence interval, 37%–51%) against A(H1N1)pdm09 and 9% (−4% to 20%) against A(H3N2); VE was 5% (−10% to 19%) against A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses. Conclusions The predominance of A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses during the latter part of the 2018–2019 season was associated with decreased VE, supporting the A(H3N2) vaccine component update for 2019–2020 northern hemisphere influenza vaccines.

scholarly journals Antigenic and virological properties of an H3N2 variant that will likely dominate the 2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere influenza season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus J. Bolton ◽  
Jordan T. Ort ◽  
Ryan McBride ◽  
Nicholas J. Swanson ◽  
Jo Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Glycan Array ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Sialic Acid Binding ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
H3n2 Vaccine

Influenza viruses have circulated at very low levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, and population immunity against these viruses is low. Influenza virus cases have been increasing in the Northern Hemisphere involving an H3N2 strain (3C.2a1b.2a2) with a hemagglutinin (HA) that has several substitutions relative to the 2021-2022 H3N2 vaccine strain. Here, we show that one of these substitutions eliminates a key glycosylation site on HA and alters sialic acid binding. Using glycan array profiling, we show that the 3C.2a1b.2a2 H3 maintains binding to an extended bi-antennary sialoside and replicates to high titers in human airway cells. We found that antibodies elicited by the 2021-2022 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine poorly neutralize the new H3N2 strain. Together, these data indicate that 3C.2a1b.2a2 H3N2 viruses efficiently replicate in human cells and could potentially cause an antigenic mismatch if they continue to circulate at high levels during the 2021-2022 influenza season.

scholarly journals Detection of adamantane-sensitive influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Australia, 2017: a cause for hope?

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aeron Hurt ◽  
Naomi Komadina ◽  
Yi-Mo Deng ◽  
Matthew Kaye ◽  
Sheena Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
M2 Protein ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

For over a decade virtually all A(H3N2) influenza viruses have been resistant to the adamantane class of antivirals. However, during the 2017 influenza season in Australia, 15/461 (3.3%) adamantane-sensitive A(H3N2) viruses encoding serine at residue 31 of the M2 protein were detected, more than the total number identified globally during the last 6 years. A return to wide circulation of adamantane-sensitive A(H3N2) viruses would revive the option of using these drugs for treatment and prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Generation and Characterization of Universal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Candidates Containing Multiple M2e Epitopes

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kotomina ◽  
Irina Isakova-Sivak ◽  
Ki-Hye Kim ◽  
Bo Ryoung Park ◽  
Yu-Jin Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Universal Vaccine ◽  
Specific Antibodies

Influenza viruses constantly evolve, reducing the overall protective effect of routine vaccination campaigns. Many different strategies are being explored to design universal influenza vaccines capable of protecting against evolutionary diverged viruses. The ectodomain of influenza A M2e protein (M2e) is among the most promising targets for universal vaccine design. Here, we generated two recombinant live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) expressing additional four M2e tandem repeats (4M2e) from the N-terminus of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein, in an attempt to enhance the M2e-mediated cross-protection. The recombinant H1N1+4M2e and H3N2+4M2e viruses retained growth characteristics attributable to traditional LAIV viruses and induced robust influenza-specific antibody responses in BALB/c mice, although M2e-specific antibodies were raised only after two-dose vaccination with LAIV+4M2e viruses. Mice immunized with either LAIV or LAIV+4M2e viruses were fully protected against a panel of heterologous influenza challenge viruses suggesting that antibody and cell-mediated immunity contributed to the protection. The protective role of the M2e-specific antibody was seen in passive serum transfer experiments, where enhancement in the survival rates between classical LAIV and chimeric H3N2+4M2e LAIV was demonstrated for H3N2 and H5N1 heterologous challenge viruses. Overall, the results of our study suggest that M2e-specific antibodies induced by recombinant LAIV+4M2e in addition to cellular immunity by LAIV play an important role in conferring protection against heterologous viruses.

scholarly journals H3N2 Virus as Causative Agent of ARDS Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Adriano Peris ◽  
Giovanni Zagli ◽  
Pasquale Bernardo ◽  
Massimo Bonacchi ◽  
Morena Cozzolino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Viral Aetiology ◽  
Increased Risk

Pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 was associated with a higher risk of viral pneumonia in comparison with seasonal influenza viruses. The influenza season 2011-2012 was characterized by the prevalent circulation of influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Whereas most H3N2 patients experienced mild, self-limited influenza-like illness, some patients were at increased risk for influenza complications because of age or underlying medical conditions. Cases presented were patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of ECMO referral center (Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy). Despite extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment (ECMO), one patient with H3N2-induced ARDS did not survive. Our experience suggests that viral aetiology is becoming more important and hospitals should be able to perform a fast differential diagnosis between bacterial and viral aetiology.

scholarly journals Surveillance of influenza viruses isolated from travellers at Nagoya International Airport

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SATO ◽  
T. MORISHITA ◽  
E. NOBUSAWA ◽  
Y. SUZUKI ◽  
Y. MIYAZAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
International Airport ◽  
Quarantine Station ◽  
Virus Strains

In order to conduct a survey of influenza viruses entering Japan via travellers arriving by airplanes, gargle solutions were collected from passengers who reported to the quarantine station of Nagoya International Airport complaining of respiratory symptoms. From 504 samples collected between August 1996 and March 1999, 30 influenza virus strains were isolated. Twenty-eight of the isolates were influenza A (H3N2) viruses and two were influenza B viruses. No H1N1 virus was isolated. Among 28 isolates of H3N2 virus, 3 strains were obtained outside the influenza season. Nucleotide sequences of the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of these isolates along with those from domestic patients were analysed in order to determine the influence of imported influenza viruses by travellers on epidemics in Japan. From the phylogenetic and chronological aspects, the possibility was suggested in one case in 1997/8 and two in the 1998/9 season that imported virus by travellers may have influenced the domestic influenza epidemics.

scholarly journals Virological, epidemiological, clinic, and molecular genetic features of the influenza epidemic in 2015-2016: prevailing of the influenza A(H1N1)09 pdm virus in Russia and countries of the Northern hemisphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
D. K. Lvov ◽  
E. I. Burtseva ◽  
L. V. Kolobukhina ◽  
I. T. Fedyakina ◽  
E. S. Kirillova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
The Russian Federation

This work describes the specific features of the influenza virus circulating in the period from October 2015 to March 2016 in 10 cities of Russia, the basic laboratories of CEEI at the D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology “Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The increase in the morbidity caused by influenza viruses was detected in January-February 2016. The duration of the morbidity peak was 4-5 weeks. The most vulnerable group included children at the age from 3 to 6; a high rate of hospitalization was also detected among people at the age of 15-64 (65%). In clinic symptoms there were middle and severe forms with high frequency of hospitalization as compared with the season of 2009-2010, but much higher in comparison with the season of 2014-2015. Some of the hospitalized patients had virus pneumonias, half of which were bilateral. Among these patients, 10% were children; 30%, adults. The mortality in the intensive care unit of the hospital was 46%. Almost all lethal cases were among unvaccinated patients in the case of late hospitalization and without early antiviral therapy. The predominance of the influenza A(H1N1)09pdm virus both in the Russian Federation and the major part of the countries in the Northern hemisphere was noted. The results of the study of the antigenic properties of influenza strains of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus did not reveal any differences with respect to the vaccine virus. The sequencing data showed the amino acid substitutions in hemagglutinin (receptor binding and Sa sites) and in genes encoding internal proteins (PA, NP, M1, NS1). Strains were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir and maintained resistance to rimantadine. The participation of non-influenza ARI viruses was comparable to that in preliminary epidemic seasons.

scholarly journals What will the next influenza season bring about: seasonal influenza or the new A(H1N1)v? An analysis of German influenza surveillance data

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Uphoff ◽  
S Geis ◽  
A Grüber ◽  
A M Hauri
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Using Data

For the next influenza season (winter 2009-10) the relative contributions to virus circulation and influenza-associated morbidity of the seasonal influenza viruses A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and B, and the new influenza A(H1N1)v are still unknown. We estimated the chances of seasonal influenza to circulate during the upcoming season using data of the German influenza sentinel scheme from 1992 to 2009. We calculated type and subtype-specific indices for past exposure and the corresponding morbidity indices for each season. For the upcoming season 2009-10 our model suggests that it is unlikely that influenza A(H3N2) will circulate with more than a low intensity, seasonal A(H1N1) with more than a low to moderate intensity, and influenza B with more than a low to median intensity. The probability of a competitive circulation of seasonal influenza A with the new A(H1N1)v is low, increasing the chance for the latter to dominate the next influenza season in Germany.

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