Examining the Relationship between COVID-19 Vaccinations and Reported Incidence

Abstract As COVID-19 has caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, the development and distribution of an effective vaccine have been swift but not without challenges. Earlier demand and access barriers have seemingly been addressed with more free and accessible vaccines now available for a wide variety of ages. While rates of COVID-19 have decreased overall, some geographic areas continue to experience rapid outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vaccination uptake and weekly COVID-19 cases throughout locations in the state of Missouri. Methods Among all Missouri counties and two cities (n=117), weekly COVID-19 incidence and cumulative proportion of residents fully vaccinated were abstracted from the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services during a 25-week period from January 4 to Jun 26, 2021. Additional ecological variables known to be associated with COVID-19 incidence and prevalence were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau and integrated into data: total population, proportion of nonwhite residents, annual median household income, proportion of residents working in public facing occupations. Descriptive and inferential statistics were completed which included the calculation of both linear and nonlinear models using repeated measure data to determine the quantitative association between vaccination uptake and reported COVID-19 cases in the presence of location characteristics. Results Throughout the 25 weeks of observations, the average weekly number of COVID-19 cases reported was 66.1 (SD=260.8) while the average cumulative proportion vaccinated individuals at the end of the 25 weeks was 25.8% (SD=6.8%) among study locations. While graphing seemed to suggest a more nonlinear relationship between COVID-19 incidence and proportion vaccinated, comparison of crude linear and nonlinear models pointed to the relationship likely being linear during study period. The final adjusted linear model exhibited a significant relationship between COVID-19 cases and proportion vaccinated, specifically every percent increase in population vaccinated resulted in 3 less weekly COVID-19 cases being reported (β -3.74, p<0.001. Additionally, when controlling for other factors, the adjusted model revealed locations with higher proportions of nonwhite residents were likely to experience less weekly COVID-19 cases (β -1.48, p=0.037). Discussion Overall, this study determined that increasing the proportion of residents vaccinated decreases COIVD-19 cases by a substantial amount over time. These findings provide insights into possible messaging strategies that can be leveraged to develop more effective implementation and uptake. As the COVID-19 pandemic persists and vaccination numbers begin to plateau, diverse communication strategies become a critical necessity to reach a wider population.

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MODELING OF INTERACTION BETWEEN AN INVESTOR AND A TRUST MANAGER WITH NONLINEAR FUNCTIONS

Vestnik Universiteta ◽

10.26425/1816-4277-2020-3-143-148 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 143-148

Author(s):

S. V. Korzhnev

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Model ◽

Information Asymmetry ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Linear Functions ◽

Nonlinear Functions ◽

Linear And Nonlinear ◽

The Relationship

The article is devoted to studying interaction between investor and trust manager. There is an information asymmetry between the investor and the trust manager, which makes it necessary to create a model that would allow the investor to overcome this asymmetry at least partially and get information about the quality of the service. In previous researches, the author proposed a theoretical model, describing this interaction with linear functions. In this paper, a model with nonlinear functions has been created and the conclusions of the linear and the nonlinear models have been compared. As a result, the conclusions of models with linear and nonlinear functions regarding the nature of the relationship between the commission and the factors used in the model were the same.

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Comparison of linear and nonlinear models to estimate body weight of Pelibuey ewes from body measurements

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-020-02515-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rafael Macedo-Barragán ◽

Victalina Arredondo-Ruiz ◽

Carlos Haubi-Segura ◽

Paola Castillo-Zamora

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Body Measurements ◽

Linear And Nonlinear

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Eight Simple Guidelines for Improved Understanding of Transformations and Nonlinear Effects

Organizational Research Methods ◽

10.1177/1094428121991907 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109442812199190

Author(s):

Mikko Rönkkö ◽

Eero Aalto ◽

Henni Tenhunen ◽

Miguel I. Aguirre-Urreta

Keyword(s):

Generalized Linear Model ◽

Functional Form ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Nonlinear Effects ◽

Recent Past ◽

Organizational Research ◽

Common Practices ◽

Individual Variables ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

Transforming variables before analysis or applying a transformation as a part of a generalized linear model are common practices in organizational research. Several methodological articles addressing the topic, either directly or indirectly, have been published in the recent past. In this article, we point out a few misconceptions about transformations and propose a set of eight simple guidelines for addressing them. Our main argument is that transformations should not be chosen based on the nature or distribution of the individual variables but based on the functional form of the relationship between two or more variables that is expected from theory or discovered empirically. Building on a systematic review of six leading management journals, we point to several ways the specification and interpretation of nonlinear models can be improved.

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The Chemistry and Physics of Nonlinear Optical Materials: A new look at an Old Field

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-152-287 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 152 ◽

Author(s):

Stephan P. Velsko ◽

David Eimerl

Keyword(s):

Dielectric Response ◽

Optical Materials ◽

Nonlinear Optical ◽

Theoretical Description ◽

Nonlinear Optical Materials ◽

Old Field ◽

Rigorous Bounds ◽

Linear And Nonlinear ◽

The Relationship ◽

Molecular Orbital Model

Recent efforts to “engineer” new nonlinear optical materials with specific desired characteristics has engendered a need for a theoretical description of optical properties which is readily accessible to chemists, yet correctly treats the essential physics of dielectric response. This paper describes a simple empirical molecular orbital model which gives useful insights into the relationship between chemical composition, crystalline structure, and optical susceptibilities. We compare the probabilities of finding new harmonic generators in various chemical classes. Rigorous bounds on the magnitudes of linear and nonlinear optical coefficients and their anisotropies are also discussed.

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Biological control of tick populations: review and reflections

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x1994000100005 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Norma V. Labarthe

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Control Methods ◽

The Relationship ◽

Selection Of

This study is concerned with aspects of the relationship between ticks and their hosts that have a bearing on biological control of tick populations. It proposes control methods based on a program that would combine development of an effective vaccine with genetic selection of hosts.

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Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Models in Forecasting Telephone Subscriptions Using Likelihood Based Belief Functions

Predictive Econometrics and Big Data - Studies in Computational Intelligence ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-70942-0_26 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 363-374

Author(s):

Noppasit Chakpitak ◽

Woraphon Yamaka ◽

Songsak Sriboonchitta

Keyword(s):

Nonlinear Models ◽

Belief Functions ◽

Linear And Nonlinear

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Modeling of Metabolic Equivalents (METs) during Moderate Resistance Training Exercises

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11188773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (18) ◽

pp. 8773

Author(s):

Muhammad Adeel ◽

Chien-Hung Lai ◽

Chun-Wei Wu ◽

Jiunn-Horng Kang ◽

Jian-Chiun Liou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Group ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Measure Data ◽

Training Experience ◽

Metabolic Equivalents ◽

Resting Period

Energy expenditure through metabolic equivalent (MET) prediction during resistance exercises in humans can be modeled by using cardiorespiratory parameters. In this study, we aimed to predict MET during six moderate-intensity resistance training sessions consisting of three different exercises. Eleven participants were recruited into two groups; an untrained (n = 5; with no resistance training experience) and a trained group (n = 6; with 2 months resistance training experience). Each participant completed six training sessions separated with a rest interval of 1–2 days. While wearing a mask for indirect calorimetric measurements using Cortex Metalyzer 3B, each participant performed training sessions consisting of three types of dumbbell exercises: shoulder press, deadlift, and squat. The metabolic equivalents (METs), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood lactate (BL), and Borg rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The MET was predicted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) for repeated measure data collected during exercise and rest periods. It was observed that during exercise period, RER, HR, SBP, and BL for the training group (QIC = 187, 95% CI = −0.012~0.915, p = 0.000*~0.033*) while RER, HR, SBP, DBP, and RPE (QIC = 48, 95% CI = −0.024~0.422, p = 0.000*~0.002*) during resting period for untrained group significantly predicted MET for moderate-intensity interval resistance training. It is concluded that the cardiorespiratory variables are significantly related to MET. During exercise, RER and HR significantly predicted MET for both groups along with additional parameters of SBP and BL for the training group. While during the resting period, RER, HR, SBP, DBP, and RPE related significantly for untrained and BL for training group respectively.

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Evaluation of a FO-PID Controller in a Buck DC/DC Converter Model

Journal of Scientific and Technical Applications ◽

10.35429/jsta.2019.15.5.1.8 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

German A Munoz-Hernandez ◽

Ana S Damian-Mora ◽

Jose Ramirez-Espinoza ◽

Jesus Chavez-Galan

Keyword(s):

Fractional Order ◽

Pid Controller ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Degree Of Freedom ◽

Pid Controllers ◽

Adaptive Controllers ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Linear And Nonlinear ◽

Common Device

The applications of electrical energy converters are wide. It is a common device that can be found in almost every apparatus, both industrial and domestic. This work will deal with linear and nonlinear models of DC/DC converters. Those models will used to probe, by simulation, classic and advance controllers. PID controllers have shown a good response regulating DC/DC converters, for that reason the inclusion of two more degree of freedom due to the Integral and derivative of Fractional Order, could improve the performance of these controllers. Furthermore, Piecewise modeling can be useful to obtain adaptive controllers whose parameters change at different operational conditions.

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