scholarly journals A natural marmoset model of genetic generalized epilepsy.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Yang ◽  
Zhitang Chen ◽  
Ziying Wang ◽  
Guang He ◽  
Zhiqiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electrocorticogram Ecog ◽  
The Common ◽  
Epilepsy Models ◽  
Generalized Epilepsy

As a common neurological disease, epilepsy has been extensively studied. Efforts have been made on rodent and other animal models to reveal the pathogenic mechanisms of epilepsy and develop new drugs as treatment . However, the features of current epilepsy models cannot fully mimic different kinds of epilepsy in human, asking for non-human primates models of epilepsy. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey that is widely used to study brain function. Here, we show a natural marmoset model of generalized epilepsy. In this unique marmoset family, generalized epilepsy was successfully induced by handling operation in some individuals. We mapped the marmoset family with handling-sensitive epilepsy and found that epileptic marmoset had an autosomal dominant genetic predisposition. Those marmosets were more sensitive to epilepsy inducers pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). By electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording, we detected epileptic discharge in marmoset with history of seizures. However, there was no significant change in the overall structure of epileptic marmoset brain. In summary, we report a family of marmosets with generalized seizures induced by handling operation. This epileptic marmoset family provides insights to better understand the mechanism of generalized epilepsy and helps to develop new therapeutic methods.

scholarly journals The mechanism of end-organ resistance to 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the common marmoset

1985 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Takahashi ◽  
S Suda ◽  
T Shinki ◽  
N Horiuchi ◽  
Y Shiina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Common ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Circulating Levels

The common marmoset, a New World monkey, requires a large amount of cholecalciferol (110 i.u./day per 100g body wt.) to maintain its normal growth. In a previous report, we demonstrated that the circulating levels of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] in the marmosets are much higher than those in rhesus monkeys and humans, but the marmosets are not hypercalcaemic [Shinki, Shiina, Takahashi, Tanioka, Koizumi & Suda (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 14, 452-457]. To compare the effect of the daily intake of cholecalciferol, two rhesus monkeys were given a large amount of cholecalciferol (900 i.u./day per 100g body wt). Their serum levels of calcium, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were markedly elevated, but the serum 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 levels remained within a range similar to those in the rhesus monkeys fed the normal diet (intake of cholecalciferol 5 i.u./day per 100g body wt). Intestinal cytosols prepared from both monkeys contained similar 3.5 S macromolecules to which 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was bound specifically. However, the cytosols from the marmosets contained only one-sixth as many 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 receptors as those from the rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, the activity of the 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-receptor complex in binding to DNA-cellulose was very low in the marmosets. These results suggest that the marmoset possesses an end-organ resistance to 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and is a useful animal model for studying the mechanism of vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II.

Frugivory and potential seed dispersal by the exotic-invasive marmoset Callithrix jacchus (Primates, Callitrichidae) in an urban Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mammalia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio F. Silva ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Verona ◽  
Marilena Conde ◽  
Alexandra S. Pires
Keyword(s):  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Seed Disperser ◽  
Exotic Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Abstract The common marmoset, originally from Northeastern Brazil, has been introduced into several Brazilian states as a result of illegal traffic. Despite the long history of introduction, few studies have described the diet of this primate in regions where it is exotic and none have evaluated its role as a seed disperser. The importance of fruits in the diet of Callithrix jacchus and its potential as a seed disperser were investigated in the Tijuca National Park (TNP, 3.593 ha), southeastern Brazil, where the species is exotic. Data were collected from September 2013 to January 2015, through focal observations. A sampling effort of 361 h of observation resulted in 60 independent feeding records. Fruits were the most often consumed item, comprising 48.3% of the observed feeding records, followed by gum (30%), invertebrates (18.3%) and lichens (3.3%). Seeds from four out of 13 species were swallowed and seeds from seven additional species were found intact in collected feces. These results show C. jacchus’ potential to act as a seed disperser for some plant species, and that should be considered for managing this primate in TNP, where other callitrichids are absent.

Sense of Taste in a New World Monkey, the Common Marmoset. II. Link Between Behavior and Nerve Activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicktoria Danilova ◽  
Göran Hellekant
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Gustatory System ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

In a previous study, we characterized the gustatory system of a New World monkey the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus, with electrophysiological techniques by recording from taste fibers of the chorda tympani proper (CT) and glossopharyngeal (NG) nerves. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three clusters of taste fibers: S fibers, responding predominantly to sweeteners, Q fibers, responding predominantly to bitter stimuli, and H fibers, responding predominantly to acids. In this study, we employed two behavioral techniques, the two-bottle preference (TBP) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA), to study the taste of the compounds used in the previous electrophysiological study. The results showed that compounds that did not stimulate any taste fibers were neither preferred nor rejected. Compounds that activated only S fibers were always preferred over water. When aversion to sucrose was created by the CTA method, these compounds were rejected. Compounds that activated Q fibers were rejected and consumed less than water. We studied the relationship between intake and net response from S and Q fibers in the CT and NG nerves. Intake was measured as a preference ratio in TBP test. The net response was defined as: (SCT + SNG) − (QCT + QNG), where SCT + SNG denotes the sum of the responses in S fibers of the CT and NG nerves. Similarly, QCT + QNG represents the sum of the responses in Q fibers of the CT and NG nerves. The relationship between intake and the Net response was linear with a Pearson correlation coefficient 0.85. This study supports our hypothesis that intake is influenced by S and Q fibers, where S fibers serve as a hedonically positive input and Q fibers as a hedonically negative input.

scholarly journals The common marmoset monkey: avenues for exploring the prenatal, placental, and postnatal mechanisms in developmental programming of pediatric obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (5) ◽  
pp. R684-R692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laren Riesche ◽  
Suzette D. Tardif ◽  
Corinna N. Ross ◽  
Victoria A. deMartelly ◽  
Toni Ziegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Marmoset Monkey ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Common

Animal models have been critical in building evidence that the prenatal experience and intrauterine environment are capable of exerting profound and permanent effects on metabolic health through developmental programming of obesity. However, despite physiological and evolutionary similarities, nonhuman primate models are relatively rare. The common marmoset monkey ( Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey that has been used as a biomedical model for well more than 50 years and has recently been framed as an appropriate model for exploring early-life impacts on later health and disease. The spontaneous, multifactorial, and early-life development of obesity in the common marmoset make it a valuable research model for advancing our knowledge about the role of the prenatal and placental mechanisms involved in developmental programming of obesity. This paper provides a brief overview of obesity in the common marmoset, followed by a discussion of marmoset reproduction and placental characteristics. We then discuss the occurrence and utility of variable intrauterine environments in developmental programming in marmosets. Evidence of developmental programming of obesity will be given, and finally, we put forward future directions and innovations for including the placenta in developmental programming of obesity in the common marmoset.

scholarly journals Animal models of human pregnancy and placentation: alternatives to the mouse

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. R129-R143
Author(s):  
Anthony M Carter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Spiny Mouse ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Uterine Arteries ◽  
The Common

The mouse is often criticized as a model for pregnancy research as gestation is short, with much of organ development completed postnatally. There are also differences in the structure and physiology of the placenta between mouse and human. This review considers eight alternative models that recently have been proposed and two established ones that seem underutilized. A promising newcomer among rodents is the spiny mouse, which has a longer gestation than the mouse with organogenesis complete at birth. The guinea pig is also recommended both because it has well-developed neonates and because there is a wealth of information on pregnancy and placentation in the literature. Several smaller primates are considered. The mouse lemur has its advocates yet is less suited as a model for human pregnancy as its young are altricial, placentation very different from that of humans, and husbandry requirements not fully assessed. In contrast, the common marmoset, a New World monkey, has well-developed neonates and is kept at many primate centres. Marmoset placenta has some features that closely resemble human placentation, such as the interhaemal barrier, although it is uncertain if invasion of the uterine arteries occurs in this species. In conclusion, pregnancy research would benefit greatly from increased use of alternative models such as the spiny mouse and common marmoset.

scholarly journals Feasibility of intravitreal injections and ophthalmic safety assessment in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkeys

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Birgit Korbmacher ◽  
Jenny Atorf ◽  
Stephanie Fridrichs-Gromoll ◽  
Marilyn Hill ◽  
Sven Korte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cynomolgus Monkey ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Study Data ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Intravitreal Injections ◽  
Ocular Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
The Common

Abstract. To safeguard patients, regulatory authorities require that new drugs that are to be given by the intravitreal (IVT) route are assessed for their safety in a laboratory species using the same route of administration. Due to the high similarity of ocular morphology and physiology between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) and due to the species specificity of many biotherapeutics, the monkey is often the only appropriate model. To this end, intravitreal administration and assessment of ocular toxicity are well established in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). In contrast, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is not a standard model for ocular toxicity studies due to its general sensitivity to laboratory investigations and small eye size. It was the purpose of the present work to study whether the marmoset is a useful alternative to the cynomolgus monkey for use in intravitreal toxicological studies. Six marmoset monkeys received repeated (every 2 weeks for a total of four doses) intravitreal injections of 10 or 20 µL of a placebo. The animals were assessed for measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP), standard ophthalmological investigations and electroretinography (ERG). At the end of the dosing period, the animals were sacrificed and the eyes were evaluated histologically. ERG revealed similar results when comparing predose to end-of-study data, and there was no difference between the two dose volumes. A transient increase in the IOP was seen immediately after dosing, which was more pronounced after dosing of 20 µL compared to 10 µL. Ophthalmologic and microscopic observations did not show any significant changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that 10 µL as well as 20 µL intravitreal injections of a placebo are well tolerated in the marmoset. These results demonstrate that the common marmoset is an alternative to the cynomolgus monkey for intravitreal toxicity testing.

scholarly journals Epileptic events in the XIX century as reported by the Brazilian Royal Family

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-474
Author(s):  
Marleide da Mota Gomes ◽  
Heber de Souza Maia-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Febrile Convulsion ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Members of the Brazilian Royal Family carry a rich medical history of epileptic seizures and alike. OBJECTIVE: To present the medical knowledge about epilepsy by the time of the Brazilian Empire, as reported by the royal family. METHOD: Narrative review of historical facts about D. Pedro I's family health. RESULTS: The Royal Family, since D. João VI's generation is full of members with epilepsy or acute symptomatic seizures of different etiologies. CONCLUSION: The reported cases suggest that Dom Pedro I's family presented epilepsy with tonic-clonic generalized seizures, besides psychogenic, organic non epileptic events and acute symptomatic seizures. As a whole, this familial epilepsy could fit the diagnosis of generalized epilepsy with febrile convulsion plus.

scholarly journals Evolution of HLA-F and its orthologues in primate species: a complex tale of conservation, diversification and inactivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 475-487
Author(s):  
N. Otting ◽  
N. G. de Groot ◽  
R. E. Bontrop
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Comparative Genetic Analysis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractHLA-F represents one of the nonclassical MHC class I molecules in humans. Its main characteristics involve low levels of polymorphism in combination with a restricted tissue distribution. This signals that the gene product executes a specialised function, which, however, is still poorly understood. Relatively little is known about the evolutionary equivalents of this gene in nonhuman primates, especially with regard to population data. Here we report a comparative genetic analysis of the orthologous genes of HLA-F in various great ape, Old World monkey (OWM), and New World monkey (NWM) species. HLA-F-related transcripts were found in all subjects studied. Low levels of polymorphism were encountered, although the length of the predicted gene products may vary. In most species, one or two transcripts were discovered, indicating the presence of only one active F-like gene per chromosome. An exception was provided by a New World monkey species, namely, the common marmoset. In this species, the gene has been subject to duplication, giving rise to up to six F-like transcripts per animal. In humans, great apes, and OWM, and probably the majority of the NWM species, the evolutionary equivalents of the HLA-F gene experienced purifying selection. In the marmoset, however, the gene was initially duplicated, but the expansion was subjected afterwards to various mechanisms of genetic inactivation, as evidenced by the presence of pseudogenes and an array of genetic artefacts in a section of the transcripts.

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