Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito

Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on mosquito health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.

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Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles Gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages For The Mosquito

10.21203/rs.3.rs-881468/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ann Carr ◽

David C. Rinker ◽

Yuemei Dong ◽

George Dimopoulos ◽

Laurence J. Zwiebel

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Transcript Abundance ◽

Plasmodium Infection ◽

Molecular Physiology ◽

Low Level ◽

Olfactory Acuity ◽

Evolutionary Success ◽

Transmission Stage ◽

Open Question ◽

The Impact

Abstract Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito’s health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.

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Transcriptome profiles of Anopheles gambiae harboring natural low-level Plasmodium infection reveal adaptive advantages for the mosquito

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-01842-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ann L. Carr ◽

David C. Rinker ◽

Yuemei Dong ◽

George Dimopoulos ◽

Laurence J. Zwiebel

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Transcript Abundance ◽

Molecular Physiology ◽

Low Level ◽

Olfactory Acuity ◽

Evolutionary Success ◽

Transmission Stage ◽

Open Question ◽

The Impact

AbstractAnopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito’s health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendages, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.

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The impact of different sprayable surfaces on the effectiveness of indoor residual spraying using a micro encapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin against Anopheles gambiae s.s.

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-015-0795-4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Joshua Mutagahywa ◽

Jasper N Ijumba ◽

Harish B Pratap ◽

Fabrizio Molteni ◽

Frances E Mugarula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Indoor Residual Spraying ◽

Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽

Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽

The Impact

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The impact of uniform and mixed species blood meals on the fitness of the mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae s.s: does a specialist pay for diversifying its host species diet?

Journal of Evolutionary Biology ◽

10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02442.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 452-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

I. N. LYIMO ◽

S. P. KEEGAN ◽

L. C. RANFORD-CARTWRIGHT ◽

H. M. FERGUSON

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Host Species ◽

Mosquito Vector ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽

The Impact ◽

Blood Meals

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A pyrethroïd-treated bed net increases host attractiveness for Anopheles gambiae s.s. carrying the kdr allele in a dual-choice olfactometer

10.1101/077552 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Angélique Porciani ◽

Malal Diop ◽

Nicolas Moiroux ◽

Tatiana Kadoke-Lambi ◽

Anna Cohuet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Malaria Vector Control ◽

Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽

Host Seeking ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe use of long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) treated with pyrethroïd is known for its major contribution in malaria control. However, LLINs are suspected to induce behavioral changes in malaria vectors, which may in turn drastically affect their efficacy against Plasmodium sp. transmission. In sub Saharan Africa, where malaria imposes the heaviest burden, the main malaria vectors are widely resistant to pyrethroïds, the insecticide family used on LLINs, which also threatens LLIN efficiency. There is therefore a crucial need for deciphering how insecticide-impregnated materials might affect the host-seeking behavior of malaria vectors in regards to insecticide resistance. In this study, we explored the impact of permethrin-impregnated net on the host attractiveness for Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, either susceptible to insecticides, or carrying the insecticide resistance conferring allele kdr. Groups of female mosquitoes were released in a dual-choice olfactometer and their movements towards an attractive odor source (a rabbit) protected by insecticide-treated (ITN) or untreated nets (UTN) were monitored. Kdr homozygous mosquitoes, resistant to insecticides, were more attracted by a host behind an ITN than an UTN, while the presence of insecticide on the net did not affect the choice of susceptible mosquitoes. These results suggest that permethrin-impregnated net is detectable by malaria vectors and that the kdr mutation impacts their response to a LLIN protected host. We discuss the implication of these results for malaria vector control.

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Incentivizing Peace

10.1093/oso/9780190699512.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jaroslav Tir ◽

Johannes Karreth

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Full Scale ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

East Timor ◽

Low Level ◽

Self Interest ◽

The World ◽

Economic Tools ◽

The Impact

Civil wars are one of the most pressing problems facing the world. Common approaches such as mediation, intervention, and peacekeeping have produced some results in managing ongoing civil wars, but they fall short in preventing civil wars in the first place. This book argues for considering civil wars from a developmental perspective to identify steps to assure that nascent, low-level armed conflicts do not escalate to full-scale civil wars. We show that highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs, e.g. the World Bank or IMF) are particularly well positioned to engage in civil war prevention. Such organizations have both an enduring self-interest in member-state peace and stability and potent (economic) tools to incentivize peaceful conflict resolution. The book advances the hypothesis that countries that belong to a larger number of highly structured IGOs face a significantly lower risk that emerging low-level armed conflicts on their territories will escalate to full-scale civil wars. Systematic analyses of over 260 low-level armed conflicts that have occurred around the globe since World War II provide consistent and robust support for this hypothesis. The impact of a greater number of memberships in highly structured IGOs is substantial, cutting the risk of escalation by over one-half. Case evidence from Indonesia’s East Timor conflict, Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crisis, and from the early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide additional evidence that memberships in highly structured IGOs are indeed key to understanding why some low-level armed conflicts escalate to civil wars and others do not.

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Assessing the impact of previous experience on lie effects through a transfer paradigm

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88387-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Mazzuca ◽

Mariagrazia Benassi ◽

Roberto Nicoletti ◽

Giuseppe Sartori ◽

Luisa Lugli

Keyword(s):

Training Session ◽

Spatial Task ◽

Dual Processes ◽

Transfer Effects ◽

Transfer Paradigm ◽

Compatible Condition ◽

Open Question ◽

The Impact ◽

Cognitive Cost ◽

Spatial Training

AbstractInfluential lines of research propose dual processes-based explanations to account for both the cognitive cost implied in lying and for that entailed in the resolution of the conflict posited by Simon tasks. The emergence and consistency of the Simon effect has been proved to be modulated by both practice effects and transfer effects. Although several studies provided evidence that the lying cognitive demand may vary as a function of practice, whether and how transfer effects could also play a role remains an open question. We addressed this question with one experiment in which participants completed a Differentiation of Deception Paradigm twice (baseline and test sessions). Crucially, between the baseline and the test sessions, participants performed a training session consisting in a spatial compatibility task with incompatible (condition 1) or compatible (condition 2) mapping, a non-spatial task (condition 3) and a no task one (condition 4). Results speak in favour of a modulation of individual performances by means of an immediate prior experience, and specifically with an incompatible spatial training.

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Driver Liability Assessment in Vehicle Collisions in Spain

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1475

Author(s):

Almudena Sanjurjo-de-No ◽

Blanca Arenas-Ramírez ◽

José Mira ◽

Francisco Aparicio-Izquierdo

Keyword(s):

Road Safety ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Main Hypothesis ◽

Self Organizing Maps ◽

Safety Measures ◽

Vehicle Collisions ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Visual Clustering ◽

Open Question ◽

The Impact

An accurate estimation of exposure is essential for road collision rate estimation, which is key when evaluating the impact of road safety measures. The quasi-induced exposure method was developed to estimate relative exposure for different driver groups based on its main hypothesis: the not-at-fault drivers involved in two-vehicle collisions are taken as a random sample of driver populations. Liability assignment is thus crucial in this method to identify not-at-fault drivers, but often no liability labels are given in collision records, so unsupervised analysis tools are required. To date, most researchers consider only driver and speed offences in liability assignment, but an open question is if more information could be added. To this end, in this paper, the visual clustering technique of self-organizing maps (SOM) has been applied to better understand the multivariate structure in the data, to find out the most important variables for driver liability, analyzing their influence, and to identify relevant liability patterns. The results show that alcohol/drug use could be influential on liability and further analysis is required for disability and sudden illness. More information has been used, given that a larger proportion of the data was considered. SOM thus appears as a promising tool for liability assessment.

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Nitrate-dominated PM<sub>2.5</sub> and elevation of particle pH observed in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-20-5019-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 5019-5033 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yuning Xie ◽

Gehui Wang ◽

Xinpei Wang ◽

Jianmin Chen ◽

Yubao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Aerosols ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Historical Record ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Effective Control ◽

Nitrate Content ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Low Level ◽

The Impact ◽

Pollution Episodes

Abstract. The Chinese government has exerted strict emission controls to mitigate air pollution since 2013, which has resulted in significant decreases in the concentrations of air pollutants such as SO2. Strict pollution control actions also reduced the average PM2.5 concentration to the low level of 39.7 µg m−3 in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017. To investigate the impact of such changes on the physiochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols in China, we conducted a comprehensive observation focusing on PM2.5 in Beijing during the winter of 2017. Compared with the historical record (2014–2017), SO2 decreased to the low level of 3.2 ppbv in the winter of 2017, but the NO2 level was still high (21.4 ppbv in the winter of 2017). Accordingly, the contribution of nitrate (23.0 µg m−3) to PM2.5 far exceeded that of sulfate (13.1 µg m−3) during the pollution episodes, resulting in a significant increase in the nitrate-to-sulfate molar ratio. The thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA II) calculation results showed that during the PM2.5 pollution episodes particle pH increased from 4.4 (moderate acidic) to 5.4 (more neutralized) when the molar ratio of nitrate to sulfate increased from 1 to 5, indicating that aerosols were more neutralized as the nitrate content elevated. Controlled variable tests showed that the pH elevation should be attributed to nitrate fraction increase other than crustal ion and ammonia concentration increases. Based on the results of sensitivity tests, future prediction for the particle acidity change was discussed. We found that nitrate-rich particles in Beijing at low and moderate humid conditions (RH: 20 %–50 %) can absorb twice the amount of water that sulfate-rich particles can, and the nitrate and ammonia with higher levels have synergetic effects, rapidly elevating particle pH to merely neutral (above 5.6). As moderate haze events might occur more frequently under abundant ammonia and nitrate-dominated PM2.5 conditions, the major chemical processes during haze events and the control target should be re-evaluated to obtain the most effective control strategy.

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