scholarly journals Driver Liability Assessment in Vehicle Collisions in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Almudena Sanjurjo-de-No ◽  
Blanca Arenas-Ramírez ◽  
José Mira ◽  
Francisco Aparicio-Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Visual Clustering ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Impact

An accurate estimation of exposure is essential for road collision rate estimation, which is key when evaluating the impact of road safety measures. The quasi-induced exposure method was developed to estimate relative exposure for different driver groups based on its main hypothesis: the not-at-fault drivers involved in two-vehicle collisions are taken as a random sample of driver populations. Liability assignment is thus crucial in this method to identify not-at-fault drivers, but often no liability labels are given in collision records, so unsupervised analysis tools are required. To date, most researchers consider only driver and speed offences in liability assignment, but an open question is if more information could be added. To this end, in this paper, the visual clustering technique of self-organizing maps (SOM) has been applied to better understand the multivariate structure in the data, to find out the most important variables for driver liability, analyzing their influence, and to identify relevant liability patterns. The results show that alcohol/drug use could be influential on liability and further analysis is required for disability and sudden illness. More information has been used, given that a larger proportion of the data was considered. SOM thus appears as a promising tool for liability assessment.

scholarly journals Studies on the impact of the technical characteristics of local roads on road safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 05006
Author(s):  
Stanisław Gaca ◽  
Mariusz Kieć
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Accident Prediction ◽  
The Road ◽  
Access Road ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

Local roads (district roads) constitute an important part of the road network in Poland, making up around 29.7 % (124,945 km) of all public roads. In 2017, 10,578 accidents, which is 35.7% of all accidents in Poland, took place on local roads. These roads are used primarily by regular users who are very familiar with the defects of these roads. This means that the effects of the low technical standard of local roads and the insufficient number of road traffic devices on the safety on the road can be partly compensated for by the fact that drivers adjust their behaviour to the conditions on the road. This hypothesis can be verified through developing dependency models of road safety measures of local roads’ and technical characteristics. The article presents the research carried out based on regression models of accident prediction. The models were developed with the use of the data on the road surroundings arrangement (built-up areas, access), road condition and the extent of signposting, including data on speed limits and overtaking as well as risk exposure variables. Due to the incomplete data on accidents and the small number of accidents, different approaches to the modelling of the number of road accidents were applied.

scholarly journals Motorcycle-Related Head and Limbs Injuries from Road Traffic Accident at a Second Level Hospital in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinyami ErickTandi ◽  
Tinyami ErickTandi ◽  
Tinyami ErickTandi ◽  
KyungHee Kim ◽  
Tambetakaw Njang Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Level Hospital

Motorcycles have been increasing used widely in various urban, suburban and villages in Cameroon with an increased in accidents resulting to injuries among the population. Head and limbs injuries are responsible for most of the cases encountered from related crashes. A prospective study on head and limbs injuries resulting from motorcycle crash were assessed among the different cases brought to the casualty and emergency department of the Kumba district hospital. Most of the injured cases were of motorcycle and other vehicle collisions 203 (47.65) and the least among motorcycle lone crash 51 (11.97). Motorcycle to motorcycle collisions accounted for 107 (25.12 %) of the cases. 65 (15.26%) were motorcycle with pedestrians related collision. Stepping up and facilitating the regulations on licenses and the use of personal protective equipment for riders, improvement of roads infrastructures with pedestrian path, expanding health facilities and equipment, and human resources for health as well as empowering the population on road safety measures will be very important for RTAs control measures of the nation.

scholarly journals Revisão bibliográfica sobre as variáveis associadas aos componentes do tráfego que influenciam a segurança viária nos entornos escolares

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Letícia Oestreich ◽  
Tânia Batistela Torres ◽  
Brenda Medeiros Pereira ◽  
Alejandro Ruiz - Padillo
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Population Group ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Traffic accidents are the main cause of death for children and young people all over the world, so it is necessary to explore road safety measures to ensure the right to life of this population group. Understanding the measures to improve road safety conditions in school environments contributes to the safety of children and young people in school. The objective of this study is to define variables associated with traffic components that affect road safety conditions in school environments through an exploratory bibliographic research.  As a result, the study provides a summary of the main variables found in the literature related to the subject and discusses the performance of these variables on traffic components and the impact road safety in school environments. Results of this study provide support for measures to improve road safety in school environments and encourage the use of more sustainable modes of transport, as well as, support the elaboration of research related to the theme.

scholarly journals Examining the impact of both legal and nonlegal factors on following a vehicle too closely utilizing three deterrence-based theories

2021 ◽  
pp. 263380762110652
Author(s):  
Michelle Ochenasek ◽  
Verity Truelove ◽  
Kayla B. Stefanidis ◽  
Natalie Watson-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
High Risk Behavior ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Extended Deterrence ◽  
Social Sanctions ◽  
Internal Loss ◽  
The Impact

Following a vehicle too closely (otherwise known as tailgating) is a high-risk behavior and major contributor to motor-vehicle collisions and injuries. Both legal and nonlegal countermeasures are currently in place in an attempt to prevent this behavior, yet there has been limited research that has examined the effectiveness of both legal and nonlegal factors on engagement in the behavior. Therefore, this research utilized a combination of the three most salient deterrence-based theories used in road safety to understand the impact of both legal and nonlegal sanctions on following a vehicle too closely. A survey was completed by 887 Queensland drivers aged 17–84 years ( Mage  =  49 years; 55% males). Variables from Classical Deterrence Theory, the reconceptualized deterrence theory and the extended deterrence-based model (that includes perceived internal loss, physical loss, and social sanctions), as well as measures of following a vehicle too closely were used. The majority of the sample (98%) reported following a vehicle too closely at some point, with the average frequency ranging from rarely to sometimes. Significant predictors of more frequent unsafe following distances included: being male, younger in age, and avoiding punishment for the behavior. Meanwhile, significant predictors of less frequent unsafe following distances included knowing others who have been punished for the behavior, as well as fearing the physical and internal losses resulting from unsafe following distances. Notably, the severity of the punishment was also a significant deterrent, while the perceived certainty of being apprehended for the offence was low and did not impact engagement in behavior. These results have a number of important implications on how to maximize both legal and nonlegal countermeasures to further prevent following a vehicle too closely.

Epigenetic Studies in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Rafael Penadés ◽  
Bárbara Arias ◽  
Mar Fatjó-Vilas ◽  
Laura González-Vallespí ◽  
Clemente García-Rizo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Psychological Treatments ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact

Background: Epigenetic modifications appear to be dynamic and they might be affected by environmental factors. The possibility of influencing these processes through psychotherapy has been suggested. Objective: To analyse the impact of psychotherapy on epigenetics when applied to mental disorders. The main hypothesis is that psychological treatments will produce epigenetic modifications related to the improvement of treated symptoms. Methods: A computerised and systematic search was completed throughout the time period from 1990 to 2019 on the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases. Results: In total, 11 studies were selected. The studies were evaluated for the theoretical framework, genes involved, type of psychotherapy and clinical challenges and perspectives. All studies showed detectable changes at the epigenetic level, like DNA methylation changes, associated with symptom improvement after psychotherapy. Conclusion: Methylation profiles could be moderating treatment effects of psychotherapy. Beyond the detected epigenetic changes after psychotherapy, the epigenetic status before the implementation could act as an effective predictor of response.

scholarly journals 8A.007 Evaluating the impact of a road safety education project in Madagascar schools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Perego ◽  
Federica Biassoni ◽  
Ana Luisa Silva ◽  
Sam Clark ◽  
Jesse Randrianarisoa
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Education Project ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Fermentation as a Tool to Revitalise Brewers’ Spent Grain and Elevate Techno-Functional Properties and Nutritional Value in High Fibre Bread

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1639
Author(s):  
Emma Neylon ◽  
Elke K. Arendt ◽  
Emanuele Zannini ◽  
Aylin W. Sahin
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Bread Quality ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Additional Processing ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Recycling of by-products from the food industry has become a central part of research to help create a more sustainable future. Brewers’ spent grain is one of the main side-streams of the brewing industry, rich in protein and fibre. Its inclusion in bread, however, has been challenging and requires additional processing. Fermentation represents a promising tool to elevate ingredient functionality and improve bread quality. Wheat bread was fortified with spray-dried brewers’ spent grain (BSG) and fermented brewers’ spent grain (FBSG) at two addition levels to achieve “source of fibre” and “high in fibre” claims according to EU regulations. The impact of BSG and FBSG on bread dough, final bread quality and nutritional value was investigated and compared to baker’s flour (BF) and wholemeal flour (WMF) breads. The inclusion of BSG and FBSG resulted in a stronger and faster gluten development; reduced starch pasting capacity; and increased dough resistance/stiffness. However, fermentation improved bread characteristics resulting in increased specific volume, reduced crumb hardness and restricted microbial growth rate over time. Additionally, the inclusion of FBSG slowed the release in reducing sugars over time during in vitro starch digestion. Thus, fermentation of BSG can ameliorate bread techno-functional properties and improve nutritional quality of breads.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of previous experience on lie effects through a transfer paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Mazzuca ◽  
Mariagrazia Benassi ◽  
Roberto Nicoletti ◽  
Giuseppe Sartori ◽  
Luisa Lugli
Keyword(s):  
Training Session ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Dual Processes ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Transfer Paradigm ◽  
Compatible Condition ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Cost ◽  
Spatial Training

AbstractInfluential lines of research propose dual processes-based explanations to account for both the cognitive cost implied in lying and for that entailed in the resolution of the conflict posited by Simon tasks. The emergence and consistency of the Simon effect has been proved to be modulated by both practice effects and transfer effects. Although several studies provided evidence that the lying cognitive demand may vary as a function of practice, whether and how transfer effects could also play a role remains an open question. We addressed this question with one experiment in which participants completed a Differentiation of Deception Paradigm twice (baseline and test sessions). Crucially, between the baseline and the test sessions, participants performed a training session consisting in a spatial compatibility task with incompatible (condition 1) or compatible (condition 2) mapping, a non-spatial task (condition 3) and a no task one (condition 4). Results speak in favour of a modulation of individual performances by means of an immediate prior experience, and specifically with an incompatible spatial training.

Can prism adaptation effects generalize to wheelchair maneuvering?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lindsay E. Wyatt ◽  
Anne Sophie Champod ◽  
Gabrielle M. Haidar ◽  
Gail A. Eskes
Keyword(s):  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Prism Adaptation ◽  
Spatial Neglect ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Everyday Activity ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: While prism adaptation (PA) has been recognized as a promising tool for treating spatial neglect, implementation as a standard treatment in clinical care has been lagging. Limited evidence for the generalization of after-effects to everyday activities has been a barrier towards implementation. OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether a home-friendly standardized PA protocol (Peg-the-Mole, PTM) induces after-effects that can transfer to wheelchair maneuvering. We also examined the impact of using constant (1 starting hand position) or variable (3 starting hand positions) training conditions on the transfer of after-effects to wheelchair maneuvering. METHODS: Sixty participants were randomly assigned to one of four PTM conditions: 1) prisms/constant training; 2) prisms/variable training; 3) sham goggles/constant training; 4) sham goggles/variable training. RESULTS: The use of PTM with rightward shifting prisms induced after-effects on proprioceptive and visual pointing outcome tasks. Groups using PTM with prism goggles showed a leftward shift in their position within a wheelchair course and a reduction in the number of right-sided collisions. The training condition did not have an impact on the transfer of after-effects to wheelchair driving. CONCLUSION: PTM is a clinically appealing PA protocol that induces after-effects that can transfer to an everyday activity relevant to patients with neglect.

scholarly journals Successful electroconvulsive therapy for depression in a man with cerebral amyloid angiopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e238922
Author(s):  
Geert Schurgers ◽  
Baer M G Arts ◽  
Alida A Postma ◽  
Anna de Kort
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Amyloid Beta Protein ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Aβ Clearance ◽  
Cerebral Amyloid ◽  
The Impact

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a condition characterised by accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) in the wall of cerebral blood vessels which increases the risk of intracranial haemorrhage and contributes to cognitive impairment. We describe the case of a man around the age of 70 with ‘probable’ CAA according to the modified Boston criteria and severe depression whose depression was treated successfully with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). To the best of our knowledge, there are no earlier published reports of ECT in a patient with CAA. We briefly discuss possible safety measures for these patients, the impact of ECT on cognition in CAA and a possible influence of ECT on Aβ clearance.

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