Ensuring the effectiveness and safety of peripheral blockades

Adequate analgesia determines the success of the performed surgical intervention. In modern surgery, most of postoperative complications are directly related to ineffective therapy of pain syndrome in the perioperative period. The main principle of modern analgesia is its multicomponence, when analgesia, neurovegetative blockade and relaxation are achieved and potentiated by different drugs and methods. The blockade of nociceptive impulses with a local anesthetic at the transmission stage provides effective, targeted analgesia, hyporefl exia and muscle relaxation, prevents the sensitization of neuroaxial structures, hyperalgesia and the development of postoperative chronic pain syndrome. At the same time, providing analgesia with drugs of central action leads to the ineffectiveness of therapy in 80 % of cases, which has serious consequences.The aim. According to the literature review, to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of peripheral blockades on the example of performing a blockade of the pterygopalatine ganglion.Conclusion. The pterygopalatine blockade has broad indications for use in ophthalmology, which is explained by the complex structure of the pterygopalatine ganglion and the possibility of simultaneous infl uence on sympathetic, parasympathetic and nociceptive innervation. All the presented methods of pterygopalatine blockade performance have their advantages and disadvantages. Ultrasound navigation eliminates technical difficulties and the possibility of damage of the pterygopalatine fossa anatomical structures, ensuring the effectiveness and safety of the pterygopalatine blockade.

Transcriptome profiles of Anopheles gambiae harboring natural low-level Plasmodium infection reveal adaptive advantages for the mosquito

Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito’s health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendages, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.

Model Construction of Material Distribution System Based on Digital Twin

Aiming at the problems of poor periodicity of workshop material distribution, difficult prediction of station material demand time node and redundant distribution route, this paper proposes a model construction method of material distribution system based on digital twin. Build a material distribution control mode based on digital twin, and establish a full cycle material distribution mechanism on this basis to comprehensively optimize the distribution cycle from the material preparation stage, dynamic replenishment stage and data transmission stage of adjacent distribution cycles. Build the digital twin model of material distribution system, establish the material demand time node prediction operation mechanism based on LSTM, accurately predict the station material demand time node, establish the material distribution route optimization model with the lowest total cost, and optimize the AGV route. Finally, it is applied to the asynchronous card line workshop of A enterprise to verify the effectiveness of this method.

Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles Gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages For The Mosquito

Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito’s health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.

The novel bis-1,2,4-triazine MIPS-0004373 demonstrates rapid and potent activity against all blood stages of the malaria parasite

Novel bis-1,2,4-triazine compounds with potent in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum parasites were recently identified. The bis-1,2,4-triazines represent a unique antimalarial pharmacophore, and are proposed to act by a novel, but as-yet-unknown mechanism of action. This study investigated the activity of the bis-1,2,4-triazine, MIPS-0004373, across the mammalian lifecycle stages of the parasite, and profiled the kinetics of activity against blood and transmission-stage parasites in vitro and in vivo . MIPS-0004373 demonstrated rapid and potent activity against P. falciparum , with excellent in vitro activity against all asexual blood stages. Prolonged in vitro drug exposure failed to generate stable resistance de novo , suggesting a low propensity for the emergence of resistance. Excellent activity was observed against sexually-committed ring stage parasites, but activity against mature gametocytes was limited to inhibiting male gametogenesis. Assessment of liver stage activity demonstrated good activity in an in vitro P. berghei model, but no activity against P. cynomolgi hypnozoites or liver schizonts. The bis-1,2,4-triazine, MIPS-0004373, efficiently cleared an established P. berghei infection in vivo , with efficacy similar to artesunate and chloroquine, and a recrudescence profile comparable to chloroquine. This study demonstrates the suitability of bis-1,2,4-triazines for further development towards a novel treatment for acute malaria.

CRISPR/Cas9-engineered inducible gametocyte producer lines as a valuable tool for Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission research

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum replicates inside erythrocytes in the blood of infected humans. During each replication cycle, a small proportion of parasites commits to sexual development and differentiates into gametocytes, which are essential for parasite transmission via the mosquito vector. Detailed molecular investigation of gametocyte biology and transmission has been hampered by difficulties in generating large numbers of these highly specialised cells. Here, we engineer P. falciparum NF54 inducible gametocyte producer (iGP) lines for the routine mass production of synchronous gametocytes via conditional overexpression of the sexual commitment factor GDV1. NF54/iGP lines consistently achieve sexual commitment rates of 75% and produce viable gametocytes that are transmissible by mosquitoes. We also demonstrate that further genetic engineering of NF54/iGP parasites is a valuable tool for the targeted exploration of gametocyte biology. In summary, we believe the iGP approach developed here will greatly expedite basic and applied malaria transmission stage research.

Research On Optimization of Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Based On LEACH

Aiming at the shortcomings of a typical Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol, which randomly selects cluster heads (CHs) and sends data to the base station (BS) by single-hop, an improved effcient routing protocol, Leach-sub-muti, is proposed. In the process of electing CH, the protocol considers the energy of the node, the distance from the node to the BS, the density around the node, and so on. After the cluster is formed, the backup CHs in the cluster are selected according to the load of the CH nodes. In the data transmission stage, if there is a backup CH in the cluster, the nodes in the cluster send data to the CH firstly, and then when the energy of the CH node is lower than the average energy, the backup CH temporarily acts as the CH to forward data to the BS. This protocol allows normal nodes to forward data to the BS directly. When ordinary nodes forward data to the CH, the data can be forwarded by combining single-hop and multihop. Similarly, the data of the CH is also forwarded to the base station in the same way. MATLAB simulation experiments show that the optimized protocol sends more packets with less energy than the LEACH protocol, reducing the energy loss of nodes, and extending the life cycle of the entire network.

Status and Response Till Third Stage of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Nepal

An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection occurred in Wuhan, China at the end of December 2019 and spread of this virus already reached to almost 210 countries around the world. WHO declared COVID-19 as ‘global pandemic’ on 11 March, 2020 and accounted South Asia as the high-risk region. Nepal, a landlocked country bordering two most populous countries, India and China, was expected to have high number of cases of COVID-19 due to its proximity to the highly infected country China, and lately spreading country India. Also, many of the Nepali people are engaged in the businesses related with China and India. However, there has been very few reported cases in Nepal. The first case was reported on 24th January 2020, one and half months after the first case was confirmed in China. It took almost three months for the number of cases to reach 45 and to kick off the community spread stage of the pandemic. This research presented the detailed situation of the cases, testing facilities, quarantine and isolation, hospital, and nursing care etc. before the start of Community Transmission stage in Nepal. The scenario has been represented graphically and the condition of other South Asian nations has also been compared and visualized. The steps taken by the government, individuals, and other organizations are also highlighted. This paper also provides the concrete data and their analysis about the pandemic which can be helpful not only for the current but also for the future pandemic controls.

Proteomic Analysis of the Parasitic Cnidarian Ceratonova shasta (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) Reveals Diverse Roles of Actin in Motility and Spore Formation

Myxozoans are widely distributed aquatic obligate endoparasites that were recently recognized as belonging within the phylum Cnidaria. They have complex life cycles with waterborne transmission stages: resistant, infectious spores that are unique to myxozoans. However, little is known about the processes that give rise to these transmission stages. To understand the molecular underpinnings of spore formation, we conducted proteomics on Ceratonova shasta, a highly pathogenic myxozoan that causes severe mortalities in wild and hatchery-reared salmonid fishes. We compared proteomic profiles between developmental stages from inside the fish host, and the mature myxospore, which is released into the water where it drifts passively, ready to infect the next host. We found that C. shasta contains 2,123 proteins; representing the first proteomic catalog of a myxozoan myxospore. Analysis of proteins differentially expressed between developing and mature spore stages uncovered processes that are active during spore formation. Our data highlight dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton, which provides myxozoan developmental stages with mobility through lamellipodia and filopodia, whereas in the mature myxospore the actin network supports F-actin stabilization that reinforces the transmission stage. These findings provide molecular insight into the myxozoan life cycle stages and, particularly, into the process of sporogenesis.

High speed pulse generators with electro-optic modulators based on different bit sequence for the digital fiber optic communication links

<p><span>The paper outlines the simulation of various pulse generators for the enhancement of optical fiber access transmission networks within flow rate of 10 Gbps and transmission range of 100 km. The pulse generators are gaussian, hyperbolic secant, triangle, sine, raised cosine in the transmission stage. Proposed pulse generators are mixed with both electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and mach-zehnder modulator (MZM) for efficient transmission. We have compared the max. the quality factor with using proposed pulse generators against nonreturn to zero (NRZ) return to zero (RZ) pulse generators in the previous research works for different bit sequences. The signal power amplitude is tested for both optical fiber and PIN photodetector optical time-domain visualizer and RF spectrum analyzer by using in the optimum cases for different bit sequence. It is observed that proposed pulse generators/EAM have presented an efficient increase in Q-factor value compared with proposed pulse generators/MZM for different bit sequences.</span></p>