scholarly journals Green spotted puffer can detect an almost nontoxic TTX analog odor using crypt olfactory sensory neurons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehisa Suzuki ◽  
Ryota Nakahigashi ◽  
Masaatsu Adachi ◽  
Toshio Nishikawa ◽  
Hideki Abe
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Oval Cells ◽  
Ribosomal Protein S6 ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Defense Substance ◽  
Activity Marker ◽  
Olfactory Cue

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a well-known neurotoxin that functions as a defense substance for toxic puffers. Several behavioral studies reported that TTX attracts toxic puffers belonging to the genus Takifugu. Although our electrophysiological and behavioral studies showed that a TTX analog, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, acts as an olfactory chemoattractant for grass puffers (Takifugu alboplumbeus), it is unclear whether toxic puffers are commonly attracted to 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, and which types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) detect 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX. Here we investigated whether green spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis), a phylogenetically different species from the grass puffer, is attracted to 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX. Administration of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX attracted green spotted puffers, but TTX or Vehicle did not. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of the olfactory epithelium exposed to 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX with an antibody against phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), a neuronal activity marker, labeled oval cells with apical invagination. Such oval cells were also labeled by the antibody against S100, a specific marker of crypt OSNs. Thus, our results suggest that 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX acts as an olfactory chemoattractant that is detected by crypt-type OSNs in the olfactory epithelium of green spotted puffers. Toxic puffers may use 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX as an olfactory chemoattractant involved in reproduction and parental care or as an olfactory cue of TTX- bearing organisms for effective toxification.

scholarly journals Almost nontoxic tetrodotoxin analog, 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin, as an olfactory chemoattractant for the grass puffer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhisa Noguchi ◽  
Takehisa Suzuki ◽  
Keigo Matsutani ◽  
Ryota Nakahigashi ◽  
Yoshiki Satake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Defense Substance ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Fluorescent Dextran

Toxic puffers contain the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). Although TTX is considered to serve as a defense substance, previous behavioral studies have demonstrated that TTX (extracted from the ovary) acts as an attractive pheromone for some toxic puffers. To determine the putative pheromonal action of TTX, we examined whether grass puffers (Takifugu alboplumbeus) can detect TTX using electrophysiological, morphological, and behavioral experiments. Electroolfactogram results suggest that the olfactory epithelium of grass puffers responded in a dose-dependent manner to a type of TTX analog (5,6,11-trideoxyTTX), although it did not respond to TTX. We also examined the attractive action of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX on grass puffers by recording their swimming behavior under dark conditions. Grass puffers preferred to stay on the side of the aquarium where 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX was administered, and their swimming speed decreased. Additionally, odorant-induced labeling of olfactory sensory neurons using a fluorescent dextran conjugate or immunohistochemistry against phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK) revealed that labeled olfactory sensory neurons were localized in the region surrounding "islets" where there was abundant cilia on the olfactory lamella. 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX has been known to accumulate in grass puffers, but its toxicity is much lower (almost nontoxic) than TTX. Our results suggest that grass puffers can detect 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX using their nose and may positively use this functionally unknown TTX analog as an olfactory chemoattractant.

scholarly journals Renewal and Differentiation of GCD Necklace Olfactory Sensory Neurons

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lissitsyna Bloom ◽  
Lucille B Johnston ◽  
Sandeep Robert Datta
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Horizontal Migration ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Β Tubulin

Abstract Both canonical olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and sensory neurons belonging to the guanylate cyclase D (GCD) “necklace” subsystem are housed in the main olfactory epithelium, which is continuously bombarded by toxins, pathogens, and debris from the outside world. Canonical OSNs address this challenge, in part, by undergoing renewal through neurogenesis; however, it is not clear whether GCD OSNs also continuously regenerate and, if so, whether newborn GCD precursors follow a similar developmental trajectory to that taken by canonical OSNs. Here, we demonstrate that GCD OSNs are born throughout adulthood and can persist in the epithelium for several months. Phosphodiesterase 2A is upregulated early in the differentiation process, followed by the sequential downregulation of β-tubulin and the upregulation of CART protein. The GCD and MS4A receptors that confer sensory responses upon GCD neurons are initially expressed midway through this process but become most highly expressed once CART levels are maximal late in GCD OSN development. GCD OSN maturation is accompanied by a horizontal migration of neurons toward the central, curved portions of the cul-de-sac regions where necklace cells are concentrated. These findings demonstrate that—like their canonical counterparts—GCD OSNs undergo continuous renewal and define a GCD-specific developmental trajectory linking neurogenesis, maturation, and migration.

scholarly journals Modulation of Spontaneous and Odorant-Evoked Activity of Rat Olfactory Sensory Neurons by Two Anorectic Peptides, Insulin and Leptin

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2898-2906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Savigner ◽  
Patricia Duchamp-Viret ◽  
Xavier Grosmaitre ◽  
Michel Chaput ◽  
Samuel Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

In mammals, the sense of smell is modulated by the status of satiety, which is mainly signaled by blood-circulating peptide hormones. However, the underlying mechanisms linking olfaction and food intake are poorly understood. Here we investigated the effects of two anorectic peptides, insulin and leptin, on the functional properties of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Using patch-clamp recordings, we analyzed the spontaneous activity of rat OSNs in an in vitro intact epithelium preparation. Bath perfusion of insulin and leptin significantly increased the spontaneous firing frequency in 91.7% ( n = 24) and 75.0% ( n = 24) of the cells, respectively. When the activity was electrically evoked, both peptides shortened the latency to the first action potential by ∼25% and decreased the interspike intervals by ∼13%. While insulin and leptin enhanced the electrical excitability of OSNs in the absence of odorants, they surprisingly reduced the odorant-induced activity in the olfactory epithelium. Insulin and leptin decreased the peak amplitudes of isoamyl acetate-induced electroolfactogram (EOG) signals to 46 and 38%, respectively. When measured in individual cells by patch-clamp recordings, insulin and leptin decreased odorant-induced transduction currents and receptor potentials. Therefore by increasing the spontaneous activity but reducing the odorant-induced activity of OSNs, an elevated insulin and leptin level (such as after a meal) may result in a decreased global signal-to-noise ratio in the olfactory epithelium, which matches the smell ability to the satiety status.

scholarly journals Sequential Maturation of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in the Mature Olfactory Epithelium

eNeuro ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. ENEURO.0266-19.2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Liberia ◽  
Eduardo Martin-Lopez ◽  
Sarah J. Meller ◽  
Charles A. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons

scholarly journals Region Specific Amyloid-β Accumulation in Olfactory Sensory Neurons Influences Ecto-Ventral Olfactory Dysfunction in 5xFAD Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowoon Son ◽  
Seung-Jun Yoo ◽  
Shinwoo Kang ◽  
Ameer Rasheed ◽  
Da Hae Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
5Xfad Mouse

Abstract Background: Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although the causes of damage have been proposed in every olfactory system including olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex, the main causes of AD- related hyposmia are largely unknown. Methods: We here focused on peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and delved deeper into the direct relationship between pathophysiological and behavioral results using odorants. We also histologically confirmed the pathological changes in three-month-old 5xFAD mouse models which recapitulates AD pathology. We introduced a numeric scale histologically to compare physiological phenomenon and local tissue lesions regardless of anatomical plane. Results: We observed the odorant group, which 5xFAD mouse could not detect, also neither did physiologically activate the OSNs that propagate to the ventral olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the amount of accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) was high in the ecto-ventrally located OSNs that showed reduced responses to odorants. We also observed irreversible damage to the ecto-region of the olfactory epithelium by measuring impaired neuronal turnover ratio from the basal cells to the matured OSNs. Conclusions: Our results showed that partial and asymmetrical accumulation of Aβ coincided with physiologically and structurally damaged areas in the peripheral olfactory system, which evoked hyporeactivity to some odorants. Taken together, partial olfactory dysfunction closely-associated with peripheral OSN’s loss could be a leading cause of the AD-related hyposmia, a characteristic of early AD.

scholarly journals Sox10-dependent neural crest origin of olfactory microvillous neurons in zebrafish

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Saxena ◽  
Brian N Peng ◽  
Marianne E Bronner
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Cell Tracking ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest ◽  
Loss Of Function

The sense of smell in vertebrates is detected by specialized sensory neurons derived from the peripheral nervous system. Classically, it has been presumed that the olfactory placode forms all olfactory sensory neurons. In contrast, we show that the cranial neural crest is the primary source of microvillous sensory neurons within the olfactory epithelium of zebrafish embryos. Using photoconversion-based fate mapping and live cell tracking coupled with laser ablation, we followed neural crest precursors as they migrated from the neural tube to the nasal cavity. A subset that coexpressed Sox10 protein and a neurogenin1 reporter ingressed into the olfactory epithelium and differentiated into microvillous sensory neurons. Timed loss-of-function analysis revealed a critical role for Sox10 in microvillous neurogenesis. Taken together, these findings directly demonstrate a heretofore unknown contribution of the cranial neural crest to olfactory sensory neurons in zebrafish and provide important insights into the assembly of the nascent olfactory system.

scholarly journals Response of Olfactory Sensory Neurons to Mercury Ions in Zebrafish: An Immunohistochemical Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Maurizio Lazzari ◽  
Simone Bettini ◽  
Liliana Milani ◽  
Maria G. Maurizii ◽  
Valeria Franceschini
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Epithelium Thickness ◽  
Olfactory Rosette

Abstract Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of fish belong to three main types: ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (cOSNs), microvillous olfactory sensory neurons (mOSNs), and crypt cells. Mercury is a toxic metal harmful for olfaction. We exposed the olfactory epithelium of zebrafish to three sublethal Hg2+ concentrations. Molecular markers specific for the different types of OSNs were immunohistochemically detected. Image analysis of treated sections enabled counting of marked cells and measurement of staining optical density indicative of the response of OSNs to Hg2+ exposure. The three types of OSNs reacted to mercury in a different way. Image analysis revealed that mOSNs are more susceptible to Hg2+ exposure than cOSNs and crypt cell density decreases. Moreover, while the ratio between sensory/nonsensory epithelium areas is unchanged, epithelium thickness drops, and dividing cells increase in the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium. Cell death but also reduction of apical processes and marker expression could account for changes in OSN immunostaining. Also, the differential results between dorsal and ventral halves of the olfactory rosette could derive from different water flows inside the olfactory chamber or different subpopulations in OSNs.

scholarly journals Expansion of murine and human olfactory epithelium/mucosa colonies and generation of mature olfactory sensory neurons under chemically defined conditions

Theranostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 684-699
Author(s):  
Wenwen Ren ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Xiujuan Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Feng ◽  
Liujing Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons

scholarly journals Cholinergic microvillous cells in the mouse main olfactory epithelium and effect of acetylcholine on olfactory sensory neurons and supporting cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 1274-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Ogura ◽  
Steven A. Szebenyi ◽  
Kurt Krosnowski ◽  
Aaron Sathyanesan ◽  
Jacqueline Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium

The mammalian olfactory epithelium is made up of ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), supporting cells, basal cells, and microvillous cells. Previously, we reported that a population of nonneuronal microvillous cells expresses transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). Using transgenic mice and immunocytochemical labeling, we identify that these cells are cholinergic, expressing the signature markers of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. This result suggests that acetylcholine (ACh) can be synthesized and released locally to modulate activities of neighboring supporting cells and OSNs. In Ca2+ imaging experiments, ACh induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels in 78% of isolated supporting cells tested in a concentration-dependent manner. Atropine, a muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) antagonist suppressed the ACh responses. In contrast, ACh did not induce or potentiate Ca2+ increases in OSNs. Instead ACh suppressed the Ca2+ increases induced by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin in some OSNs. Supporting these results, we found differential expression of mAChR subtypes in supporting cells and OSNs using subtype-specific antibodies against M1 through M5 mAChRs. Furthermore, we found that various chemicals, bacterial lysate, and cold saline induced Ca2+ increases in TRPM5/ChAT-expressing microvillous cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TRPM5/ChAT-expressing microvillous cells react to certain chemical or thermal stimuli and release ACh to modulate activities of neighboring supporting cells and OSNs via mAChRs. Our studies reveal an intrinsic and potentially potent mechanism linking external stimulation to cholinergic modulation of activities in the olfactory epithelium.

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