scholarly journals Detection of COVID-19 in smartphone-based breathing recordings using CNN-BiLSTM: a pre-screening deep learning tool

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohanad Alkhodari ◽  
Ahsan H. Khandoker
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Right ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Diagnosis Technique

AbstractThis study was sought to investigate the feasibility of using smartphone-based breathing sounds within a deep learning framework to discriminate between COVID-19, including asymptomatic, and healthy subjects. A total of 480 breathing sounds (240 shallow and 240 deep) were obtained from a publicly available database named Coswara. These sounds were recorded by 120 COVID-19 and 120 healthy subjects via a smartphone microphone through a website application. A deep learning framework was proposed herein the relies on hand-crafted features extracted from the original recordings and from the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) as well as deep-activated features learned by a combination of convolutional neural network and bi-directional long short-term memory units (CNN-BiLSTM). Analysis of the normal distribution of the combined MFCC values showed that COVID-19 subjects tended to have a distribution that is skewed more towards the right side of the zero mean (shallow: 0.59±1.74, deep: 0.65±4.35). In addition, the proposed deep learning approach had an overall discrimination accuracy of 94.58% and 92.08% using shallow and deep recordings, respectively. Furthermore, it detected COVID-19 subjects successfully with a maximum sensitivity of 94.21%, specificity of 94.96%, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves of 0.90. Among the 120 COVID-19 participants, asymptomatic subjects (18 subjects) were successfully detected with 100.00% accuracy using shallow recordings and 88.89% using deep recordings. This study paves the way towards utilizing smartphone-based breathing sounds for the purpose of COVID-19 detection. The observations found in this study were promising to suggest deep learning and smartphone-based breathing sounds as an effective pre-screening tool for COVID-19 alongside the current reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. It can be considered as an early, rapid, easily distributed, time-efficient, and almost no-cost diagnosis technique complying with social distancing restrictions during COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Detection of COVID-19 in smartphone-based breathing recordings: A pre-screening deep learning tool

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262448
Author(s):  
Mohanad Alkhodari ◽  
Ahsan H. Khandoker
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Right ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects

This study was sought to investigate the feasibility of using smartphone-based breathing sounds within a deep learning framework to discriminate between COVID-19, including asymptomatic, and healthy subjects. A total of 480 breathing sounds (240 shallow and 240 deep) were obtained from a publicly available database named Coswara. These sounds were recorded by 120 COVID-19 and 120 healthy subjects via a smartphone microphone through a website application. A deep learning framework was proposed herein that relies on hand-crafted features extracted from the original recordings and from the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) as well as deep-activated features learned by a combination of convolutional neural network and bi-directional long short-term memory units (CNN-BiLSTM). The statistical analysis of patient profiles has shown a significant difference (p-value: 0.041) for ischemic heart disease between COVID-19 and healthy subjects. The Analysis of the normal distribution of the combined MFCC values showed that COVID-19 subjects tended to have a distribution that is skewed more towards the right side of the zero mean (shallow: 0.59±1.74, deep: 0.65±4.35, p-value: <0.001). In addition, the proposed deep learning approach had an overall discrimination accuracy of 94.58% and 92.08% using shallow and deep recordings, respectively. Furthermore, it detected COVID-19 subjects successfully with a maximum sensitivity of 94.21%, specificity of 94.96%, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves of 0.90. Among the 120 COVID-19 participants, asymptomatic subjects (18 subjects) were successfully detected with 100.00% accuracy using shallow recordings and 88.89% using deep recordings. This study paves the way towards utilizing smartphone-based breathing sounds for the purpose of COVID-19 detection. The observations found in this study were promising to suggest deep learning and smartphone-based breathing sounds as an effective pre-screening tool for COVID-19 alongside the current reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. It can be considered as an early, rapid, easily distributed, time-efficient, and almost no-cost diagnosis technique complying with social distancing restrictions during COVID-19 pandemic.

Surrounding Vehicles’ Contribution to Car-Following Models: Deep-Learning-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110186
Author(s):  
Saeed Vasebi ◽  
Yeganeh M. Hayeri ◽  
Peter J. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Preceding Vehicle ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Deep Learning Model

Relatively recent increased computational power and extensive traffic data availability have provided a unique opportunity to re-investigate drivers’ car-following (CF) behavior. Classic CF models assume drivers’ behavior is only influenced by their preceding vehicle. Recent studies have indicated that considering surrounding vehicles’ information (e.g., multiple preceding vehicles) could affect CF models’ performance. An in-depth investigation of surrounding vehicles’ contribution to CF modeling performance has not been reported in the literature. This study uses a deep-learning model with long short-term memory (LSTM) to investigate to what extent considering surrounding vehicles could improve CF models’ performance. This investigation helps to select the right inputs for traffic flow modeling. Five CF models are compared in this study (i.e., classic, multi-anticipative, adjacent-lanes, following-vehicle, and all-surrounding-vehicles CF models). Performance of the CF models is compared in relation to accuracy, stability, and smoothness of traffic flow. The CF models are trained, validated, and tested by a large publicly available dataset. The average mean square errors (MSEs) for the classic, multi-anticipative, adjacent-lanes, following-vehicle, and all-surrounding-vehicles CF models are 1.58 × 10−3, 1.54 × 10−3, 1.56 × 10−3, 1.61 × 10−3, and 1.73 × 10−3, respectively. However, the results show insignificant performance differences between the classic CF model and multi-anticipative model or adjacent-lanes model in relation to accuracy, stability, or smoothness. The following-vehicle CF model shows similar performance to the multi-anticipative model. The all-surrounding-vehicles CF model has underperformed all the other models.

scholarly journals Deep-Pneumonia Framework Using Deep Learning Models Based on Chest X-Ray Images

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada M. Elshennawy ◽  
Dina M. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Pneumonia is a contagious disease that causes ulcers of the lungs, and is one of the main reasons for death among children and the elderly in the world. Several deep learning models for detecting pneumonia from chest X-ray images have been proposed. One of the extreme challenges has been to find an appropriate and efficient model that meets all performance metrics. Proposing efficient and powerful deep learning models for detecting and classifying pneumonia is the main purpose of this work. In this paper, four different models are developed by changing the used deep learning method; two pre-trained models, ResNet152V2 and MobileNetV2, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The proposed models are implemented and evaluated using Python and compared with recent similar research. The results demonstrate that our proposed deep learning framework improves accuracy, precision, F1-score, recall, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) by 99.22%, 99.43%, 99.44%, 99.44%, and 99.77%, respectively. As clearly illustrated from the results, the ResNet152V2 model outperforms other recently proposed works. Moreover, the other proposed models—MobileNetV2, CNN, and LSTM-CNN—achieved results with more than 91% in accuracy, recall, F1-score, precision, and AUC, and exceed the recently introduced models in the literature.

Recognition of Musical Instrument Using Deep Learning Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Sangeetha Rajesh ◽  
Nalini N. J.
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
The Impact

The proposed work investigates the impact of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), Chroma DCT Reduced Pitch (CRP), and Chroma Energy Normalized Statistics (CENS) for instrument recognition from monophonic instrumental music clips using deep learning techniques, Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory (BRNN-LSTM), stacked autoencoders (SAE), and Convolutional Neural Network - Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM). Initially, MFCC, CENS, and CRP features are extracted from instrumental music clips collected as a dataset from various online libraries. In this work, the deep neural network models have been fabricated by training with extracted features. Recognition rates of 94.9%, 96.8%, and 88.6% are achieved using combined MFCC and CENS features, and 90.9%, 92.2%, and 87.5% are achieved using combined MFCC and CRP features with deep learning models BRNN-LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and SAE, respectively. The experimental results evidence that MFCC features combined with CENS and CRP features at score level revamp the efficacy of the proposed system.

scholarly journals Application of Rough and Fuzzy Set Theory for Prediction of Stochastic Wind Speed Data Using Long Short-Term Memory

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 924
Author(s):  
Moslem Imani ◽  
Hoda Fakour ◽  
Wen-Hau Lan ◽  
Huan-Chin Kao ◽  
Chi Ming Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Rough Set ◽  
Fuzzy Set Theory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Deep Learning Model

Despite the great significance of precisely forecasting the wind speed for development of the new and clean energy technology and stable grid operators, the stochasticity of wind speed makes the prediction a complex and challenging task. For improving the security and economic performance of power grids, accurate short-term wind power forecasting is crucial. In this paper, a deep learning model (Long Short-term Memory (LSTM)) has been proposed for wind speed prediction. Knowing that wind speed time series is nonlinear stochastic, the mutual information (MI) approach was used to find the best subset from the data by maximizing the joint MI between subset and target output. To enhance the accuracy and reduce input characteristics and data uncertainties, rough set and interval type-2 fuzzy set theory are combined in the proposed deep learning model. Wind speed data from an international airport station in the southern coast of Iran Bandar-Abbas City was used as the original input dataset for the optimized deep learning model. Based on the statistical results, the rough set LSTM (RST-LSTM) model showed better prediction accuracy than fuzzy and original LSTM, as well as traditional neural networks, with the lowest error for training and testing datasets in different time horizons. The suggested model can support the optimization of the control approach and the smooth procedure of power system. The results confirm the superior capabilities of deep learning techniques for wind speed forecasting, which could also inspire new applications in meteorology assessment.

scholarly journals Schätzung der Verdunstung mithilfe von Machine- und Deep Learning-Methoden

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Brenner ◽  
Jonathan Frame ◽  
Grey Nearing ◽  
Karsten Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Sich Eine ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuronales Netzwerk ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

ZusammenfassungDie Verdunstung ist ein entscheidender Prozess im globalen Wasser‑, Energie- sowie Kohlenstoffkreislauf. Daten zur räumlich-zeitlichen Dynamik der Verdunstung sind daher von großer Bedeutung für Klimamodellierungen, zur Abschätzung der Auswirkungen der Klimakrise sowie nicht zuletzt für die Landwirtschaft.In dieser Arbeit wenden wir zwei Machine- und Deep Learning-Methoden für die Vorhersage der Verdunstung mit täglicher und halbstündlicher Auflösung für Standorte des FLUXNET-Datensatzes an. Das Long Short-Term Memory Netzwerk ist ein rekurrentes neuronales Netzwerk, welchen explizit Speichereffekte berücksichtigt und Zeitreihen der Eingangsgrößen analysiert (entsprechend physikalisch-basierten Wasserbilanzmodellen). Dem gegenüber gestellt werden Modellierungen mit XGBoost, einer Entscheidungsbaum-Methode, die in diesem Fall nur Informationen für den zu bestimmenden Zeitschritt erhält (entsprechend physikalisch-basierten Energiebilanzmodellen). Durch diesen Vergleich der beiden Modellansätze soll untersucht werden, inwieweit sich durch die Berücksichtigung von Speichereffekten Vorteile für die Modellierung ergeben.Die Analysen zeigen, dass beide Modellansätze gute Ergebnisse erzielen und im Vergleich zu einem ausgewerteten Referenzdatensatz eine höhere Modellgüte aufweisen. Vergleicht man beide Modelle, weist das LSTM im Mittel über alle 153 untersuchten Standorte eine bessere Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen auf. Allerdings zeigt sich eine Abhängigkeit der Güte der Verdunstungsvorhersage von der Vegetationsklasse des Standorts; vor allem wärmere, trockene Standorte mit kurzer Vegetation werden durch das LSTM besser repräsentiert, wohingegen beispielsweise in Feuchtgebieten XGBoost eine bessere Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtung liefert. Die Relevanz von Speichereffekten scheint daher zwischen Ökosystemen und Standorten zu variieren.Die präsentierten Ergebnisse unterstreichen das Potenzial von Methoden der künstlichen Intelligenz für die Beschreibung der Verdunstung.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document