scholarly journals The gradient model of brain organization in decisions involving 'empathy for pain'

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Labek ◽  
Elisa Sittenberger ◽  
Valerie Kienhoefer ◽  
Luna Rabl ◽  
Irene Messina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Gradient Model ◽  
Empathy For Pain ◽  
High Level

Recent meta-analytic studies of social cognition and the functional imaging of empathy have exposed the overlap between their neural substrates and heteromodal association areas. The 'gradient model' of cortical organization proposes a close relationship between these areas and highly connected hubs in the default mode network, a set of cortical areas deactivated by demanding tasks. Here, we used a decision-making task and representational similarity analysis with classic 'empathy for pain' visual stimuli to probe the relationship between high-level representations of imminent pain in others and the high end of the gradient of this model. High-level representations were found to co-localize with task deactivations or the transitions from activations to deactivations. These loci belonged to two groups: those that loaded on the high end of the principal cortical gradient and were associated by meta-analytic decoding with the default mode network, and those that appeared to accompany functional repurposing of somatosensory cortex in the presence of visual stimuli. In contrast to the nonspecific meta-analytic decoding of these loci, low-level representations, such as those of body parts involved in pain or of pain itself, were decoded with matching topics terms. These findings suggest that that task deactivations may set out cortical areas that host high-level representations, but whose functional characterization in terms of simple mappings is unlikely. We anticipate that an increased understanding of the cortical correlates of high-level representations may improve neurobiological models of social interactions and psychopathology.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF ACTIVATION OF THE DEFAULT MODE NETWORK IN PEOPLE WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF CHRONIC STRESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
M.Kh. Zashezova ◽  
◽  
D.V. Ustyuzhanin ◽  
A.R. Kaverina ◽  
M.A. Shariya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals Default-mode network streams for coupling to language and control systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 17308-17319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan M. Gordon ◽  
Timothy O. Laumann ◽  
Scott Marek ◽  
Ryan V. Raut ◽  
Caterina Gratton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
And Control

The human brain is organized into large-scale networks identifiable using resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). These functional networks correspond with broad cognitive domains; for example, the Default-mode network (DMN) is engaged during internally oriented cognition. However, functional networks may contain hierarchical substructures corresponding with more specific cognitive functions. Here, we used individual-specific precision RSFC to test whether network substructures could be identified in 10 healthy human brains. Across all subjects and networks, individualized network subdivisions were more valid—more internally homogeneous and better matching spatial patterns of task activation—than canonical networks. These measures of validity were maximized at a hierarchical scale that contained ∼83 subnetworks across the brain. At this scale, nine DMN subnetworks exhibited topographical similarity across subjects, suggesting that this approach identifies homologous neurobiological circuits across individuals. Some DMN subnetworks matched known features of brain organization corresponding with cognitive functions. Other subnetworks represented separate streams by which DMN couples with other canonical large-scale networks, including language and control networks. Together, this work provides a detailed organizational framework for studying the DMN in individual humans.

scholarly journals The Surprising Role of the Default Mode Network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brandman ◽  
R. Malach ◽  
E. Simony.
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Fluctuation Pattern ◽  
Unexpected Findings ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe default mode network (DMN) is a group of high-order brain regions recently implicated in processing external naturalistic events, yet it remains unclear what cognitive function it serves. Here we identified the cognitive states predictive of DMN fMRI coactivation. Particularly, we developed a state-fluctuation pattern analysis, matching network coactivations across a short movie with retrospective behavioral sampling of movie events. Network coactivation was selectively correlated with the state of surprise across movie events, compared to all other cognitive states (e.g. emotion, vividness). The effect was exhibited in the DMN, but not dorsal attention or visual networks. Furthermore, surprise was found to mediate DMN coactivations with hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. These unexpected findings point to the DMN as a major hub in high-level prediction-error representations.

scholarly journals Replay bursts coincide with activation of the default mode and parietal alpha network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Higgins ◽  
Yunzhe Liu ◽  
Diego Vidaurre ◽  
Zeb Kurth-Nelson ◽  
Ray Dolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Open Question

AbstractOur brains at rest spontaneously replay recently acquired information, but how this process is orchestrated to avoid interference with ongoing cognition is an open question. We investigated whether replay coincided with spontaneous patterns of whole brain activity. We found, in two separate datasets, that replay sequences were packaged into transient bursts occurring selectively during activation of the default mode network (DMN) and parietal alpha network. These networks were characterized by widespread synchronized oscillations coupled to increases in ripple band power, mechanisms that coordinate information flow between disparate cortical areas. Our data show a tight correspondence between two widely studied phenomena of neural physiology and suggest the DMN may coordinate replay bursts in a manner that minimizes interference with ongoing cognition.

scholarly journals Plasticity based on compensatory effector use in the association but not primary sensorimotor cortex of people born without hands

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (30) ◽  
pp. 7801-7806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Striem-Amit ◽  
Gilles Vannuscorps ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Primary Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Hand Region ◽  
High Level

What forces direct brain organization and its plasticity? When brain regions are deprived of their input, which regions reorganize based on compensation for the disability and experience, and which regions show topographically constrained plasticity? People born without hands activate their primary sensorimotor hand region while moving body parts used to compensate for this disability (e.g., their feet). This was taken to suggest a neural organization based on functions, such as performing manual-like dexterous actions, rather than on body parts, in primary sensorimotor cortex. We tested the selectivity for the compensatory body parts in the primary and association sensorimotor cortex of people born without hands (dysplasic individuals). Despite clear compensatory foot use, the primary sensorimotor hand area in the dysplasic subjects showed preference for adjacent body parts that are not compensatorily used as effectors. This suggests that function-based organization, proposed for congenital blindness and deafness, does not apply to the primary sensorimotor cortex deprivation in dysplasia. These findings stress the roles of neuroanatomical constraints like topographical proximity and connectivity in determining the functional development of primary cortex even in extreme, congenital deprivation. In contrast, increased and selective foot movement preference was found in dysplasics’ association cortex in the inferior parietal lobule. This suggests that the typical motor selectivity of this region for manual actions may correspond to high-level action representations that are effector-invariant. These findings reveal limitations to compensatory plasticity and experience in modifying brain organization of early topographical cortex compared with association cortices driven by function-based organization.

scholarly journals The surprising role of the default mode network in naturalistic perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talia Brandman ◽  
Rafael Malach ◽  
Erez Simony
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Fluctuation Pattern ◽  
Unexpected Findings ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe default mode network (DMN) is a group of high-order brain regions recently implicated in processing external naturalistic events, yet it remains unclear what cognitive function it serves. Here we identified the cognitive states predictive of DMN fMRI coactivation. Particularly, we developed a state-fluctuation pattern analysis, matching network coactivations across a short movie with retrospective behavioral sampling of movie events. Network coactivation was selectively correlated with the state of surprise across movie events, compared to all other cognitive states (e.g. emotion, vividness). The effect was exhibited in the DMN, but not dorsal attention or visual networks. Furthermore, surprise was found to mediate DMN coactivations with hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. These unexpected findings point to the DMN as a major hub in high-level prediction-error representations.

Concepts and Compositionality: In Search of the Brain's Language of Thought

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Frankland ◽  
Joshua D. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Language Of Thought ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Language Of Thought Hypothesis

Imagine Genghis Khan, Aretha Franklin, and the Cleveland Cavaliers performing an opera on Maui. This silly sentence makes a serious point: As humans, we can flexibly generate and comprehend an unbounded number of complex ideas. Little is known, however, about how our brains accomplish this. Here we assemble clues from disparate areas of cognitive neuroscience, integrating recent research on language, memory, episodic simulation, and computational models of high-level cognition. Our review is framed by Fodor's classic language of thought hypothesis, according to which our minds employ an amodal, language-like system for combining and recombining simple concepts to form more complex thoughts. Here, we highlight emerging work on combinatorial processes in the brain and consider this work's relation to the language of thought. We review evidence for distinct, but complementary, contributions of map-like representations in subregions of the default mode network and sentence-like representations of conceptual relations in regions of the temporal and prefrontal cortex.

The Parietal Lobes

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Coolidge
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions

This chapter discusses the parietal lobes, whose primary function is to gather and integrate sensory information to aid the motor cortex in appropriate movements. Damage to the parietal regions in humans often produces a type of agnosia, where patients misidentify their fingers or body parts. The parietal lobes may have expanded in Homo sapiens compared with Neandertals, and this expansion may have occurred within the last 100,000 years. The intraparietal sulcus has, among its many functions, numerosity, which is an appreciation of numbers. The IPS may have groups of neurons or even single neurons that respond to symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers. The supramarginal gyrus plays a major role in inner speech, phonological storage, and emotional processing. The angular gyrus plays a major role in mathematical operations and may serve an important role in 15 other higher cognitive functions. The precuneus is a critical region for episodic memory, Baddeley’s visuospatial sketchpad, and self- and other-representations. The posterior portion of the cingulate cortex is the retrosplenial cortex, which translates egocentric spatial and allocentric spatial viewpoints. This translational responsibility was critical in evolution of hominin navigation. The constructive simulation hypothesis proposes that the episodic memory system may have evolved not for perfect scenario recall but for the ability to manipulate past events for future successes. The parietal lobes are an important part of the default mode network of the brain. The default mode network is active when a human or nonhuman primate is resting and not engaged in a specific mental activity.

scholarly journals Default Mode Network : Its Implications in Psychiatry

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Souvik Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Default Network ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
The Face ◽  
Neuro Imaging ◽  
High Level ◽  
Washington University

The brain’s “default mode network” is among the most rapidly growing neuroscientific topics of the new millennium. Since the appointment of its name in the turn of the millenium (Raichle and others 2001), the default network has garnered considerable interest for its high level of resting metabolic activity, which decreases in the face of externally-directed attention (Minoshima and others 1997; Gusnard and Raichle 2001). Though its presence was anticipated by some Neuro-scientists as early as late 1920s, it was a serendipitous discovery by a group of Neuroradiologists working on functional neuro-imaging at Washington University School of Medicine.

Increased Default Mode Network Connectivity Following EEG Neurofeedback in PTSD

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Kluetsch ◽  
Tomas Ros ◽  
Jean Theberge ◽  
Paul Frewen ◽  
Christian Schmahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Eeg Neurofeedback
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