Closed-loop recruitment of striatal parvalbumin interneurons prevents the onset of compulsive behaviors
A prominent electrophysiological feature of compulsive behaviours is striatal hyperactivity; but its underlying dysfunctional cellular mechanisms still need to be characterized. Within the striatum, parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVI) exert a powerful feedforward inhibition essential for the regulation of striatal activity. To investigate the potential implication of striatal PVI in aberrant repetitive behaviors, we used the Sapap3 mutant mice which exhibit compulsive-like behaviours characterized by excessive self-grooming. When striatal PVI in the centromedial striatum of Sapap3 mice were we optogenetically activated, we first showed that the number of compulsive-like events were greatly reduced. To investigate further the critical time-window when striatal PVI needed to be recruited for the behavioural regulation of compulsive-like grooming, we then designed a novel closed-loop stimulation pipeline. We identified a transient 1-4 Hz oscillations in the orbitofrontal cortex that temporally predicted grooming onsets. Exploiting this delta band signal as a biomarker, we were able to provide on-demand stimulation of striatal PVI shortly before predicted grooming events. This targeted closed-loop optogenetics approach greatly reduced grooming events and demonstrated that the recruitment of striatal PVI regulated the initiations of compulsive-like behaviours.