AbstractBacteria can colonize a variety of different environments by modulating their gene regulation using two-component systems. The versatile opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied for its capacity to adapt to a broad range of environmental conditions. The Gac/Rsm pathway is composed of the sensor kinase GacS, that detects environmental cues, and the response regulator GacA, that modulates the expression of a specific genes. This system, through the sRNA repressors RsmY and RsmZ, negatively controls the activity of the protein RsmA, which is centrally involved in the transition from chronic to acute infections by post-transcriptionally regulating several virulence functions. RsmA positively regulates swarming motility, a social surface behaviour. Through a poorly defined mechanism, RsmA is also indirectly regulated by HptB, and a ΔhptB mutant exhibits a severe swarming defect. Since a ΔhptB mutant retains all the known functions required for that type of motility, we used an experimental evolution approach to identify elements responsible for its swarming defect. After a few passages under swarming conditions, the defect of the ΔhptB mutant was rescued by the emergence of spontaneous single nucleotide substitutions in the gacA and rsmA genes. Since GacA indirectly represses RsmA activity, it was coherent that an inactivating mutation in gacA would compensate the ΔhptB swarming defect. However, the effect of the mutation in rsmA was unexpected since RsmA promotes swarming; indeed, using expression reporters, we found that the mutation that does not abolish its activity. Instead, using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and molecular simulations, we show that this variant of RsmA is actually less amenable to titration by its cognate repressor RsmY, supporting the other phenotypes observed for this mutant. These results confirm the central role of RsmA as a regulator of swarming motility in P. aeruginosa and identify residues crucial for RsmA function in social motility.Author summaryBacteria need to readily adapt to their environment. Two-component systems (TCS) allow such adaption by triggering bacterial regulation changes through the detection of environmental cues. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses more than 60 TCS in its genome. The Gac/Rsm is a TCS extensively studied for its implication in virulence regulation. This system regulates the transition between chronic and acute bacterial infection behaviours. To acquire a better understanding of this regulation, we performed a directed experimental evolution on a swarming-deficient mutant in a poorly understood regulatory component of the Gac/Rsm pathway. We observed single nucleotide substitutions that allowed restoration of a swarming phenotype similar to the wild-type behaviour. More specifically, mutations were found in the gacA and rsmA genes. Interestingly, the observed mutation in rsmA does not result in loss of function of the protein but rather alters its susceptibility to repression by its cognate interfering sRNA. Since modification in the RNA sequence of RsmA results in the rescue of swarming motility, we confirm the central role of this posttranscriptional repressor in this social lifestyle.
Experimental evolution of independent genetic pathways for resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity within the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei