scholarly journals A large-scale comparison shows that genetic changes causing antibiotic resistance in experimentally evolved Pseudomonas aeruginosa predict those in naturally evolved bacteria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. T. Wardell ◽  
Attika Rehman ◽  
Lois W. Martin ◽  
Craig Winstanley ◽  
Wayne M. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of acute and chronic infections. An increasing number of isolates have acquired mutations that make them antibiotic resistant, making treatment more difficult. To identify resistance-associated mutations we experimentally evolved the antibiotic sensitive strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 to become resistant to three widely used anti-pseudomonal antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and tobramycin. Mutants were able to tolerate up to 2048-fold higher concentrations of antibiotic than strain PAO1. Genome sequences were determined for thirteen mutants for each antibiotic. Each mutant had between 2 and 8 mutations. There were at least 8 genes mutated in more than one mutant per antibiotic, demonstrating the complexity of the genetic basis of resistance. Additionally, large deletions of up to 479kb arose in multiple meropenem resistant mutants. For all three antibiotics mutations arose in genes known to be associated with resistance, but also in genes not previously associated with resistance. To determine the clinical relevance of mutations uncovered in experimentally-evolved mutants we analysed the corresponding genes in 457 isolates of P. aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis as well as 172 isolates from the general environment. Many of the genes identified through experimental evolution had changes predicted to be function-altering in clinical isolates but not in isolates from the general environment, showing that mutated genes in experimentally evolved bacteria can predict those that undergo mutation during infection. These findings expand understanding of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa as well as demonstrating the validity of experimental evolution in identifying clinically-relevant resistance-associated mutations.ImportanceThe rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria represents an impending global health crisis. As such, understanding the genetic mechanisms underpinning this resistance can be a crucial piece of the puzzle to combatting it. The importance of this research is that by experimentally evolving P. aeruginosa to three clinically relevant antibiotics, we have generated a catalogue of genes that can contribute to resistance in vitro. We show that many (but not all) of these genes are clinically relevant, by identifying variants in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. This research furthers our understanding of the genetics leading to resistance in P. aeruginosa and provides tangible evidence that these genes can play a role clinically, potentially leading to new druggable targets or inform therapies.

scholarly journals A Large-Scale Whole-Genome Comparison Shows that Experimental Evolution in Response to Antibiotics Predicts Changes in Naturally Evolved Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. T. Wardell ◽  
Attika Rehman ◽  
Lois W. Martin ◽  
Craig Winstanley ◽  
Wayne M. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Genome Comparison ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Deletions ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of acute and chronic infections. An increasing number of isolates have mutations that make them antibiotic resistant, making treatment difficult. To identify resistance-associated mutations, we experimentally evolved the antibiotic-sensitive strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 to become resistant to three widely used antipseudomonal antibiotics, namely, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and tobramycin. Mutants could tolerate up to 2,048-fold higher concentrations of antibiotics than strain PAO1. Genome sequences were determined for 13 mutants for each antibiotic. Each mutant had between 2 and 8 mutations. For each antibiotic, at least 8 genes were mutated in multiple mutants, demonstrating the genetic complexity of resistance. For all three antibiotics, mutations arose in genes known to be associated with resistance but also in genes not previously associated with resistance. To determine the clinical relevance of mutations uncovered in this study, we analyzed the corresponding genes in 558 isolates of P. aeruginosa from patients with chronic lung disease and in 172 isolates from the general environment. Many genes identified through experimental evolution had predicted function-altering changes in clinical isolates but not in environmental isolates, showing that mutated genes in experimentally evolved bacteria can predict those that undergo mutation during infection. Additionally, large deletions of up to 479 kb arose in experimentally evolved meropenem-resistant mutants, and large deletions were present in 87 of the clinical isolates. These findings significantly advance understanding of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa and demonstrate the validity of experimental evolution in identifying clinically relevant resistance-associated mutations.

scholarly journals Phage steering of antibiotic-resistance evolution in the bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Gurney ◽  
Léa Pradier ◽  
Joanne S Griffin ◽  
Claire Gougat-Barbera ◽  
Benjamin K Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Trade Off

Abstract Background and objectives Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global concern and has spurred increasing efforts to find alternative therapeutics. Bacteriophage therapy has seen near constant use in Eastern Europe since its discovery over a century ago. One promising approach is to use phages that not only reduce bacterial pathogen loads but also select for phage resistance mechanisms that trade-off with antibiotic resistance—so called ‘phage steering’. Methodology Recent work has shown that the phage OMKO1 can interact with efflux pumps and in so doing select for both phage resistance and antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We tested the robustness of this approach to three different antibiotics in vitro (tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin) and one in vivo (erythromycin). Results We show that in vitro OMKO1 can reduce antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa (Washington PAO1) even in the presence of antibiotics, an effect still detectable after ca.70 bacterial generations in continuous culture with phage. Our in vivo experiment showed that phage both increased the survival times of wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella) and increased bacterial sensitivity to erythromycin. This increased antibiotic sensitivity occurred both in lines with and without the antibiotic. Conclusions and implications Our study supports a trade-off between antibiotic resistance and phage sensitivity. This trade-off was maintained over co-evolutionary time scales even under combined phage and antibiotic pressure. Similarly, OMKO1 maintained this trade-off in vivo, again under dual phage/antibiotic pressure. Our findings have implications for the future clinical use of steering in phage therapies. Lay Summary: Given the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection, new approaches to treatment are urgently needed. Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial viruses. The use of such viruses to treat infections has been in near-continuous use in several countries since the early 1900s. Recent developments have shown that these viruses are not only effective against routine infections but can also target antibiotic resistant bacteria in a novel, unexpected way. Similar to other lytic phages, these so-called ‘steering phages’ kill the majority of bacteria directly. However, steering phages also leave behind bacterial variants that resist the phages, but are now sensitive to antibiotics. Treatment combinations of these phages and antibiotics can now be used to greater effect than either one independently. We evaluated the impact of steering using phage OMKO1 and a panel of three antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important pathogen in hospital settings and in people with cystic fibrosis. Our findings indicate that OMKO1, either alone or in combination with antibiotics, maintains antibiotic sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo, giving hope that phage steering will be an effective treatment option against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Fast and Accurate Large-Scale Detection of β-Lactamase Genes Conferring Antibiotic Resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 5967-5975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Jin Lee ◽  
Jung Hun Lee ◽  
Dae Beom Kwon ◽  
Jeong Ho Jeon ◽  
Kwang Seung Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACTFast detection of β-lactamase (bla) genes allows improved surveillance studies and infection control measures, which can minimize the spread of antibiotic resistance. Although several molecular diagnostic methods have been developed to detect limitedblagene types, these methods have significant limitations, such as their failure to detect almost all clinically availableblagenes. We developed a fast and accurate molecular method to overcome these limitations using 62 primer pairs, which were designed through elaborate optimization processes. To verify the ability of this large-scalebladetection method (large-scaleblaFinder), assays were performed on previously reported bacterial control isolates/strains. To confirm the applicability of thelarge-scaleblaFinder, the assays were performed on unreported clinical isolates. With perfect specificity and sensitivity in 189 control isolates/strains and 403 clinical isolates, thelarge-scaleblaFinder detected almost all clinically availableblagenes. Notably, thelarge-scaleblaFinder detected 24 additional unreportedblagenes in the isolates/strains that were previously studied, suggesting that previous methods detecting only limited types ofblagenes can miss unexpectedblagenes existing in pathogenic bacteria, and our method has the ability to detect almost allblagenes existing in a clinical isolate. The ability oflarge-scaleblaFinder to detectblagenes on a large scale enables prompt application to the detection of almost allblagenes present in bacterial pathogens. The widespread use of thelarge-scaleblaFinder in the future will provide an important aid for monitoring the emergence and dissemination ofblagenes and minimizing the spread of resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Detection of 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene mutations in multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from different sources using RNA sequencing method

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-744
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Viet ◽  
Vo Thi Bich Thuy
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria is occurring worldwide. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for human beings because pathogenic microorganisms that acquire such resistance void antibiotic treatments. Bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanisms include efflux, reduced influx, modification and degradation of the drug, as well as mutation, modification or overexpression of the target. However, our knowledge as to how bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance is still fragmented, especially for ribosome-targeting drugs. Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne salmonellosis in the world. The number of antibiotic resistant isolates identified in humans is steadily increasing, suggesting that the spread of antibiotic resistant strains is a major threat to public health. Salmonella is commonly identified in a wide range of animal hosts, food sources, and environments, but our knowledge as to how Salmonella resistance to antibiotics is still fragmented in this ecologically complex serovar. Therefore, the aim of this study was to support for finding novel mechanisms that render bacteria resistant to the ribosome targeting antibiotics, we screen for antibiotic resistant 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) in multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from raw retail meats isolated from Hanoi, Vietnam. Bioinformatic analysis identified 193 unknown novel mutations (64 mutations in 16S rRNA and 129 mutations in 23S rRNA genes). These mutations might play a role in streptomycin resistant in Salmonella serovars. These results suggest that uncharacterized antibiotic resistance mutations still exist, even for traditional antibiotics. This study is only a preliminary kind, further validation before they are applied in Salmonella or other closely related species are required.

A novel laboratory cultivation method to examine antibiotic-resistance-related microbial risks in urban water environments

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Oh ◽  
J. Lee ◽  
K. Kim ◽  
J. Kim ◽  
Y. Choung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cultivation Medium ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Cultivation Method ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Wide Range

Although microbial risk due to antibiotic-resistant microbes in water has been a serious public health concern, the current culture-dependent detecting methods using nutrient-rich conditions may not be suitable for evaluating microbial risk. In the present study, a novel cultivation method was developed to detect antibiotic-resistant microbes at various nutrient levels. A nutrient-rich medium Luria-Bertani broth (LB) was diluted at a wide range of dilution factors (100−104) and amended with either tetracycline or vancomycin. A standard environmental cultivation medium, R2A, was also used by amending with antibiotics. The diluted LB with antibiotics was able to detect previously known oligotrophic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in drinking water and swine manure samples, respectively. These results validate the capability of the new method to detect antibiotic-resistant microbes in various environmental water samples. Using the developed method in assessing microbial risk due to antibiotic-resistant microbes in river and municipal wastewater plants, we found that the viable counts and antibiotic resistance fraction were significantly influenced by the type and concentration level of antibiotic exposure and the cultivation medium conditions. This suggests a further need to standardize cultivation method procedures, to assess microbial risk in water samples.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant microbiota of water and soil ecosystems as risk factors for human health

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Matylonok ◽  
O. Ye. Pakhomov ◽  
N. M. Polishchuck
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
The World ◽  
Resistant Strains

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the three major health challenges of the 21st century. One of the most important reasons for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment is the irrational and uncontrolled use of antibacterial drugs, not only for medical but also other purposes, and their improper disposal. The microbiome of aquatic and soil ecosystems is characterized by the acquisition of antibiotic resistance through mobile genetic elements, contact with antibacterial drugs and their residues, the action of heavy metals and environmental stress. Also, according to the literature, it is noted that the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs in the environment existed much earlier than in clinical strains. These facts can not help but worry, because antibiotic-resistant strains of the environment have an extremely negative impact on human health. Once in the human body with water and food, they significantly complicate and / or make it impossible to further treat life-threatening diseases. Also, antibacterial residues circulating in aquatic and soil ecosystems, entering the human body can cause cancer, allergic reactions or disruption of the natural intestinal microflora. These ecosystems are characterized by large-scale spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues. The aim of our work was to analyze with the help of theoretical methods of scientific research the reasons for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance among environmental microbiota, namely in aquatic and soil ecosystems. To determine the impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of these ecosystems on human health. We have found that antibacterial drugs, antibiotic-resistant strains and resistance genes are a particular problem for wastewater treatment. Antibiotics can provide a selective load, as the mechanisms that break them down can promote resilience and selectively enrich. Wastewater treatment plants can be a favorable factor for the horizontal transfer of genes and the development of bacterial polyresistance, and high-resistance genes can be preserved even after disinfection. Soil is also an important reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Microorganisms are in a constant struggle for existence in this ecosystem and try to colonize the micro-scale with the most favorable for their ecotype habitat. Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria are in close contact with other members of the microbiota, which in turn promotes the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, even between cells of different species or genera through genetic determinants. Conclusion: ecosystems are characterized by large-scale spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues. Therefore, this problem should be properly addressed, as the presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues in the environment can cause unpredictable environmental consequences and adversely affect human health with more severe incurable infectious diseases. Monitoring programs for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and resistance genes in soil and aquatic ecosystems are necessary and very relevant today. After all, this microbiota poses a serious threat to both the environment and human health and can easily spread from one part of the world around the world.

scholarly journals Metabotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Correlate with Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence and Clinical Outcome in Cystic Fibrosis Chronic Infections

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Oriane Moyne ◽  
Florence Castelli ◽  
Dominique J. Bicout ◽  
Julien Boccard ◽  
Boubou Camara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multiscale Analysis ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Lung Infections ◽  
Clinical Measurements

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a) is one of the most critical antibiotic resistant bacteria in the world and is the most prevalent pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF), causing chronic lung infections that are considered one of the major causes of mortality in CF patients. Although several studies have contributed to understanding P.a within-host adaptive evolution at a genomic level, it is still difficult to establish direct relationships between the observed mutations, expression of clinically relevant phenotypes, and clinical outcomes. Here, we performed a comparative untargeted LC/HRMS-based metabolomics analysis of sequential isolates from chronically infected CF patients to obtain a functional view of P.a adaptation. Metabolic profiles were integrated with expression of bacterial phenotypes and clinical measurements following multiscale analysis methods. Our results highlighted significant associations between P.a “metabotypes”, expression of antibiotic resistance and virulence phenotypes, and frequency of clinical exacerbations, thus identifying promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for difficult-to-treat P.a infections

scholarly journals Manure as a Potential Hotspot for Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination by Horizontal Gene Transfer Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Lima ◽  
Sara Domingues ◽  
Gabriela Jorge Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

The increasing demand for animal-derived foods has led to intensive and large-scale livestock production with the consequent formation of large amounts of manure. Livestock manure is widely used in agricultural practices as soil fertilizer worldwide. However, several antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are frequently detected in manure and manure-amended soils. This review explores the role of manure in the persistence and dissemination of ARGs in the environment, analyzes the procedures used to decrease antimicrobial resistance in manure and the potential impact of manure application in public health. We highlight that manure shows unique features as a hotspot for antimicrobial gene dissemination by horizontal transfer events: richness in nutrients, a high abundance and diversity of bacteria populations and antibiotic residues that may exert a selective pressure on bacteria and trigger gene mobilization; reduction methodologies are able to reduce the concentrations of some, but not all, antimicrobials and microorganisms. Conjugation events are often seen in the manure environment, even after composting. Antibiotic resistance is considered a growing threat to human, animal and environmental health. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the amount of antimicrobials and the load of antimicrobial resistant bacteria that end up in soil.

scholarly journals The Synthesis and Characterizes of Nano-Metallic Particles Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, Isolated from Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital’s Patients, Tehran, Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Jafari ◽  
Ali Majidpour ◽  
Roya Safarkar ◽  
Seyyedeh Masumeh Mirnurollahi ◽  
Shahrdad Arastoo
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

<p class="1Body">The emergence of antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, Also, an increase in nosocomial infections, particularly by <em>Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus </em>(<em>MRSA</em>), <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, the need to discover new antibacterial agents with a mechanism of action different from killing bacteria were more than ever before. The Ag nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO (NPs) and Ag/ZnO (NPs) were synthesized through the thermal decomposition of the precursor of oxalate. Gram-negative antibiotic resistant bacteria and Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria were prepared from the Central laboratory of Rasoul-e-Akram hospital. All of isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests. For determine of antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated, disk diffusion method in accordance with the standard CLSI were used, again. Antibacterial effects of (NPs) against antibiotic resistance bacteria were conducted by MIC and MBC tests. The particles size was less of 50 nm, approximately. Curiously, the silver (NPs) was not exposed the antibacterial properties against all of isolated bacteria. Also, <em>klebsiella pneumonia</em> and <em>MRSA</em> had greatest sensitivity to the ZnO (NPs). Also, Gram-positive antibiotic resistant bacteria showed high sensitivity to Ag/ZnO (NPs), compared to other bacteria. Interestingly, The MBC for ZnO (NPs) against <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>&gt;= 8192 was observed. The Ag (NPs) had not the ability to inhibit the nosocomial infection. <em>klebsiella pneumonia</em> and <em>MRSA</em> had greatest sensitivity to the ZnO (NPs). Also, Gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria showed high sensitivity to Ag/ZnO (NPs), compared to other bacteria. The Ag/ZnO (NPs) was ability to kill antibiotics resistant bacteria. The antibacterial agents can open a new leaf in our life in the treatment of nosocomial infections.</p>

Relationship of antibiotic resistance to results of treatment in sepsis patients in Hue Central Hospital 2017 – 2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Duy Binh Nguyen ◽  
Trung Tien Phan ◽  
Trong Hanh Hoang ◽  
Van Tuan Mai ◽  
Xuan Chuong Tran
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Relationship Of

Sepsis is a serious bacterial infection. The main treatment is using antibiotics. However, the rate of antibiotic resistance is very high and this resistance is related to the outcome of treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the situation of antibiotic resistance of some isolated bacteria in sepsis patients treated at Hue Central Hospital; to evaluate the relationship of antibiotic resistance to the treatment results in patients with sepsis. Subjects and methods: prospective study of 60 sepsis patients diagnosed according to the criteria of the 3rd International Consensus-Sepsis 3 and its susceptibility patterns from April 2017 to August 2018. Results and Conclusions: The current agents of sepsis are mainly S. suis, Burkhoderiae spp. and E. coli. E. coli is resistant to cephalosporins 3rd, 4th generation and quinolone group is over 75%; resistance to imipenem 11.1%; the ESBL rate is 60%. S. suis resistant to ampicilline 11.1%; no resistance has been recorded to ceftriaxone and vancomycine. Resistance of Burkholderiae spp. to cefepime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was 42.9% and 55.6%, resistant to imipenem and meropenem is 20%, resistance to ceftazidime was not recorded. The deaths were mostly dued to E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The mortality for patients infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are higher than for sensitive groups. Key words: Sepsis, bacterial infection, antibiotics

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