Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Spirulina platensis

Spirulina is a microalgae that has been widely used as various supplements and medicines because of its high nutritional content. The need for new antibacterial sources to solve the problem of antibiotic resistance, makes the potential of Spirulina as an antibacterial agent necessary to be researched. This study aims to analyze the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis obtained from the Indonesian region against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Spirulina samples were macerated in ethanol solvent in a ratio of 1:10 (w / v). The antibacterial test used was the disc diffusion method with clindamycin positive control. Antibacterial test results showed that S. platensis in this study did not have antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

Analysis of Blood Hemoglobin Levels Using Biosensors Based on Heme Oxygenase from Serratia marcescens

Kadar hemoglobin pada manusia dipengaruhi oleh gizi, kondisi zat besi dan metabolismedalam tubuh. Salah satu gangguan medis terkait darah manusia khususnya kadar eritrosit adalahanemia. Kondisi ini menyebabkan perlunya metode pengukuran kadar hemoglobin darah yangefektif dan efisien termasuk dari segi biaya. Salah satu alternatif pengukuran kadar hemoglobinyang dapat digunakan adalah dengan sensor berbasis heme oksigenase dari Serratia marcescensPenelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan teknik pengukuran kadar hemoglobin darah denganmemanfaatkan sensor hayati berbasis enzim heme oksigenase dari Serratia marcescens. Tahapanyang dilalui pada penelitian ini adalah peremajaan dan produksi isolat Serratia marcescens,isolasi heme oksigenase, pemurnian parsial enzim dengan larutan yang mengandung 45-65% dan65-85% amonium sulfat jenuh, pengukuran kadar protein dengan metode Bradford dan aktivitasenzim, amobilisasi enzim ke permukaan Screen Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE), dan uji kinetikabiosensor heme oksigenase. Uji kadar protein dan aktivitas enzim menghasilkan aktivitas spesifikenzim pada fraksi 45-65% sebesar 0.0158 U/mg dan pada fraksi 65-85% sebesar 0.0069 U/mg,sehingga fraksi yang digunakan pada biosensor adalah fraksi 45-65%. Uji kinetika biosensormenghasilkan kadar hemoglobin sebesar 12.0, 13.8, dan 14.3 g/dL pada sampel darah A, B, dan C,sedangkan hasil pengukuran dengan uji laboratorium standar berturut-turut sebesar 13.2, 13.4,dan 14.2 g/dL. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini ialah biosensor yang telah dibuatdapat mengukur kadar hemoglobin pada darah sampel dengan presisi sebesar 0.8 dan akurasi96.04%.

The Potency of Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L) Leaves in Repair of Pancreatic Beta Cells for Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Narrative Review

Diabetes mellitus is often caused by damage to pancreatic beta cells which play a role in secreting insulin in the body. Damage to pancreatic beta cells causes the body to lack insulin. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a peptidase enzyme complex located on the surface of the cell membrane. Inhibition of the DPP4 enzyme will increase blood GLP-1 levels and induce regeneration of pancreatic beta cells. Senggani leaf (Melastoma malabathricum) boiled water is believed by the people of the Ciamis area to be used as a diabetes medicine. There have been many studies and reviews related to Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum) and its potential. This review focuses on the discussion of Senggani as an antidiabetic by analyzing the reduction in glucose levels and the repair ability of pancreatic beta cells. The results of the literature study that show that senggani leaves have the ability to reduce blood glucose levels and repair activity of pancreatic beta cells through the DPP-4 enzyme inhibition mechanism supported by molecular docking simulation data. There are 12 active compounds that have a binding site similarity above 50% with the comparison compound vildagliptin. Rutin is the best active compound which has a 100% similarity of the binding site. Based on in vivo research and toxicity analysis on the admetsar database, senggani leaf extract and active compounds of senggani leaves have low toxicity, making it safe to be used as antidiabetic herbal preparations.

Antibiotic-Resistant-Bacterial Infection of Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Ulcers: A Narrative Review on a Healing Ointment

Gangrene is the main reason why diabetes mellitus patient’s leg amputation should be done. Natural compounds which are contained in coffee grounds extract can actually act as antibacterial substances by inhibiting the growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that resistant to several antibiotics. Coffee grounds become waste caused by people are underusing this material and the high production level of coffee grounds in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the content of antimicrobial compounds from coffee grounds that can heal wounds caused by diabetes mellitus and to create a formulation of coffee ground based ointment for diabetes mellitus wound healing. Methods used in this research are narrative review from literatures, normality test, and T-test. The conclusion of this narrative review, natural compounds such a trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid found in coffee grounds are capable of MRSA growth inhibition at concentration 44%. Coffee grounds based ointment with 1% (w/w) of ointment preparation is expected to reduce coffee grounds waste by developing new product as diabetes mellitus wound healer.

The Spray of Pegagan Leaf Extract as an Antifungal of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Narrative Review

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is a type of infection caused by the fungus Candida spp. The treatment of candidiasis usually uses antifungal drugs on Candida albicans. Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) is one of wild plants that have been used by the community as a drug. The content of secondary metabolite compounds found in pegagan, such as triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins can act as antifungal agents. A literature review in the form of national, international journals and digital books originated from various sites is carried out online. The result of the narrative analysis shows that the ethanol extract of pegagan leaves with a concentration of 75 x 103 ppm can inhibit the growth of C. albicans by up to 17.5 mm. The results of the toxicity prediction with three parameters shows that the active compounds of pegagan leaves are weak inhibitors, non-carcinogenic and in the toxicity test, it at most belongs to category III. Other than that, the spray formulation with a concentration of 1% (w/w) of pegagan leaf extract is found to be safe and non-irritant to skin.

The Efficiency of Melanoidin Based-Waste Degradation with Different Biological Methods

Each processing palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) will produce solid and liquid waste. One of the forms of liquid waste produced is Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). POME waste can cause problems for the environment because it has physical characteristics of dark brown color, high density, rich in organic matter, and bad smell. The POME waste color is thought to come from melanoidin, a biopolymer pigment produced by the Maillard reaction of coconut processing. Apart from melanoidin, phenolic components are detected in POME waste, where this group of compounds is toxic. Several studies have shown that Lactobacillus plantarum can reduce the color of POME by 75%. The decolorization process is thought to involve an enzyme as a waste color-changing agent. However, the efficiency associated with these events has not been further investigated. There are three main methods of melanoidin degradation, such as biological, physicochemical, and enzymatic. This study uses the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) approach in creating a short, concise, and clear summary through various references.

N-hexane Extract and Fraction of Green Tea as Antiproliferation of MCM-B2 Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of traditional plants that have the potential as an anticancer. The sample used in this research commercial green tea extract. The purpose of this study was to test the antiproliferation activity of green tea extract on breast cancer cell MCM-B2 in vitro. Green tea extract fractionated using three solvents, ie water, ethanol 70%, and n-hexane. Extract and fraction of green tea water have value Lethality Concentration 50 (LC50) more than 1000 ppm. The fraction of ethanol 70% and n-hexane had an LC50 value of 883.48 ppm and 600.56 ppm, respectively. The results of the phytochemical screening of green tea extract are flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, while the phytochemical screening results of n-hexane fraction are flavonoids and tannins. Antiproliferation activity was tested on breast cancer cells MCM-B2 and normal cells Vero by trypan blue staining method. The highest MCM-B2 cell inhibitory activity was achieved at a concentration of 13000 ppm green tea extract and 1000 ppm of n-hexane fraction, 59% and 59%, respectively. The extract and n-hexane fraction of green tea are not toxic to normal Vero cells characterized by not inhibiting normal cell proliferation. Keywords: antiproliferative, cancer cell MCM-B2, commercial green tea, cytotoxicity

Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) Ethanolic Extract

Infectious diseases are a disease caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. One way to overcome the disease by using antibiotics. However, wise use can lead to antibiotic resistance, so many bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. Therefore it is necessary to search the natural compounds as antibacterials, one of them by using lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of leaf extracts, stems, and roots lemongrass as antibacterial. The method used in this research is the disc method. Bacteria used are E. coli and S. aureus. The results show extracts of roots, stems, and leaf has activity against S. aureus, while E. coli shows no activity as antibacterial, it can be possible because of the different properties of the bacteria. Keywords: anti-bacteria, lemongrass, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus

Toxicity Test of Roots, Stems and Leaves of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon nardus )

Lemongrass traditionally can be used as a mixture of water bath for rheumatic patients, antiseptic medicine, headache reducer, unbend the leech bite and overcome insect bite, but, the bioactivity potential of citronella lemongrass still remains unknown. The content of citronella lemongrass is known to have secondary metabolites such as flavanoid, phenolic, and terpenoid. The aim of this study is to determine the LC50 value (Lethality Concentration 50) in the root, stem, and leaves part of citronella lemongrass. Citronella lemongrass is extracted with maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Rendement value of leaf extract is greater than the value of stem and root extract, which is equal to 8.69% for stem extract, 3.73% for root extract and 9.70% for leaves extract. A toxicity test was performed by using the BSLT method, shrimp larvae were inserted into the test solution with each different solution concentration. LC50 values were obtained based on the calculation of percent mortality of shrimp larvae by using probit analysis. LC50 ethanol extract 96% of citronella lemongrass leaf is 67.841 μg/ml, citronella lemongrass stem is 31.604 μg/ml and citronella lemongrass root is 10.489 μg/ml. LC50 value shows that ethanol extract 96% of root, stem, and leaf of citronella lemongrass have no bioactivity potential due to the value of LC50 is greater than 1000 μg/ml. Keywords: BSLT, Cymbopogon nardus, cytotoxicity, LC50

Hepatic Lipid Peroxide Profile on Inflamation Rats with Nanocurcuminoid Treatment

Inflammation can cause the formation of prostaglandin and free radicals. In addition, overcome inflammation, a drug used also needs to have an effect as antioxidants to treat the free radicals. This problem can be solved by curcuminoid nanoparticles covered with palmitic acid. This research aims to test the antioxidants effect of curcuminoid nanoparticles covered with palmitic acid from Curcuma to lipid peroxide levels on inflammation rats liver. Antioxidants effect of nanocurcuminoid tested on rats that induced by 1% carrageenan and the liver lipid peroxide measured after 24 hours. Lipid peroxide level was measured with a spectrophotometer in 532 nm wavelength. The average size of curcuminoid nanoparticle covered with palmitic acid is 561.53 nm with an IP score of 0.309. Lipid peroxide level of inflammation rats liver given curcuminoids extract 100 mg/kg BW is 0.27x10-4 nmol/g. It was lower from the nanocurcuminoids 250 mg/kg BW groups which are 1.22 x10-4 nmol/g. Nanocurcuminoids 250 mg/kg BW is 114 times more efficient as an antioxidant than curcuminoids extract 100 mg/kg BW. Keywords: antioxidant, lipid peroxide, nanocurcuminoids