scholarly journals Body-map proto-organization in newborn macaques

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Arcaro ◽  
Peter F. Schade ◽  
Margaret S. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Representations ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Sensory Maps ◽  
Frontoparietal Cortex ◽  
Intact Brain ◽  
Body Map ◽  
Motor Representations

ABSTRACTTopographic sensory maps are a prominent feature of the adult primate brain. Here, we asked whether topographic representations of the environment are fundamental to early development. Using fMRI, we find that the newborn somato-motor system, spanning frontoparietal cortex and subcortex, comprises multiple topographic body representations. The organization of these large-scale body maps was indistinguishable from those in adults and already exhibited features stereotypical of adult maps. Finer-scale differentiation of individual fingers increased over the first two years, suggesting that topographic representations are refined during early development. Last, we found that somato-motor representations were unchanged in two visually impaired monkeys who relied entirely on touch for interacting with their environment, demonstrating that massive shifts in early sensory experience in an otherwise anatomically intact brain are not sufficient for driving cross-modal plasticity. We propose that a topographic scaffolding is present at birth that both directs and constrains experience-driven modifications throughout sensory systems.

scholarly journals Body map proto-organization in newborn macaques

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (49) ◽  
pp. 24861-24871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Arcaro ◽  
Peter F. Schade ◽  
Margaret S. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Sensory Maps ◽  
Frontoparietal Cortex ◽  
Intact Brain ◽  
Body Map

Topographic sensory maps are a prominent feature of the adult primate brain. Here, we asked whether topographic representations of the body are present at birth. Using functional MRI (fMRI), we find that the newborn somatomotor system, spanning frontoparietal cortex and subcortex, comprises multiple topographic representations of the body. The organization of these large-scale body maps was indistinguishable from those in older monkeys. Finer-scale differentiation of individual fingers increased over the first 2 y, suggesting that topographic representations are refined during early development. Last, we found that somatomotor representations were unchanged in 2 visually impaired monkeys who relied on touch for interacting with their environment, demonstrating that massive shifts in early sensory experience in an otherwise anatomically intact brain are insufficient for driving cross-modal plasticity. We propose that a topographic scaffolding is present at birth that both directs and constrains experience-driven modifications throughout somatosensory and motor systems.

scholarly journals Diffusion MRI data, sulcal anatomy, and tractography for eight species from the Primate Brain Bank

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Bryant ◽  
Dirk Jan Ardesch ◽  
Lea Roumazeilles ◽  
Lianne H. Scholtens ◽  
Alexandre A. Khrapitchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Brain Bank ◽  
Cingulum Bundle ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Comparative Neuroscience

AbstractLarge-scale comparative neuroscience requires data from many species and, ideally, at multiple levels of description. Here, we contribute to this endeavor by presenting diffusion and structural MRI data from eight primate species that have not or rarely been described in the literature. The selected samples from the Primate Brain Bank cover a prosimian, New and Old World monkeys, and a great ape. We present preliminary labelling of the cortical sulci and tractography of the optic radiation, dorsal part of the cingulum bundle, and dorsal parietal–frontal and ventral temporal-frontal longitudinal white matter tracts. Both dorsal and ventral association fiber systems could be observed in all samples, with the dorsal tracts occupying much less relative volume in the prosimian than in other species. We discuss the results in the context of known primate specializations and present hypotheses for further research. All data and results presented here are available online as a resource for the scientific community.

scholarly journals What happens to the motor theory of perception when the motor system is damaged?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Stasenko ◽  
Frank E. Garcea ◽  
Bradford Z. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Neuropsychological Evidence ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
Speech Motor

AbstractMotor theories of perception posit that motor information is necessary for successful recognition of actions. Perhaps the most well known of this class of proposals is the motor theory of speech perception, which argues that speech recognition is fundamentally a process of identifying the articulatory gestures (i.e. motor representations) that were used to produce the speech signal. Here we review neuropsychological evidence from patients with damage to the motor system, in the context of motor theories of perception applied to both manual actions and speech. Motor theories of perception predict that patients with motor impairments will have impairments for action recognition. Contrary to that prediction, the available neuropsychological evidence indicates that recognition can be spared despite profound impairments to production. These data falsify strong forms of the motor theory of perception, and frame new questions about the dynamical interactions that govern how information is exchanged between input and output systems.

scholarly journals Prioritizing Digitalization Use Cases during Early Development Phases of Large Scale Manufacturing Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Heiner Heimes ◽  
Achim Kampker ◽  
Ulrich Bührer ◽  
Paul Schroth ◽  
Stefan Krotil
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Development Phases

scholarly journals Corrigendum: The Dancers' Visuospatial Body Map Explains Their Enhanced Divergence in the Production of Motor Forms: Evidence in the Early Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Palmiero ◽  
Luna Giulianella ◽  
Paola Guariglia ◽  
Maddalena Boccia ◽  
Simonetta D'Amico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Body Map

scholarly journals Plasticity of Sensorimotor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan R. Buch ◽  
Sook-Lei Liew ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
System Organization ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
Scale Network

Redundancy is an important feature of the motor system, as abundant degrees of freedom are prominent at every level of organization across the central and peripheral nervous systems, and musculoskeletal system. This basic feature results in a system that is both flexible and robust, and which can be sustainably adapted through plasticity mechanisms in response to intrinsic organismal changes and dynamic environments. While much early work of motor system organization has focused on synaptic-based plasticity processes that are driven via experience, recent investigations of neuron–glia interactions, epigenetic mechanisms and large-scale network dynamics have revealed a plethora of plasticity mechanisms that support motor system organization across multiple, overlapping spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, an important role of these mechanisms is the regulation of intrinsic variability. Here, we review several of these mechanisms and discuss their potential role in neurorehabilitation.

scholarly journals Gene expression profiling of gilthead sea bream during early development and detection of stress-related genes by the application of cDNA microarray technology

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Sarropoulou ◽  
Georgios Kotoulas ◽  
Deborah M. Power ◽  
Robert Geisler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cdna Microarray ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Study Gene Expression

Large-scale gene expression studies were performed for one of the main European aquaculture species, the gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus L. For this purpose, a cDNA microarray containing 10,176 clones from a cDNA library of mixed embryonic and larval stages was constructed. In addition to its importance for aquaculture, the taxonomic position and the relatively small genome size of sea bream makes it a prospective model for evolutionary biology and comparative genomics. However, so far, no large-scale analysis of gene expression exists for this species. In the present study, gene expression was analyzed in gilthead sea bream during early development, a significant period in the determination of quantitative traits and therefore of considerable interest for aquaculture. Synexpression groups expressed primarily early and late in development were determined and were composed of both known and novel genes. Furthermore, it was possible to identify stress response genes induced by cortisol injections using the cDNA microarray generated. The creation of gene expression profiles for sea bream by microarray hybridization will accelerate identification of candidate genes involved in multifactorial traits and certain regulatory pathways and will also contribute to a better understanding of the genetic background of fish physiology, which may help to improve aquaculture practices.

scholarly journals A network information theoretic framework to characterise muscle synergies in space and time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O'Reilly ◽  
Ioannis Delis
Keyword(s):  
Dimensionality Reduction ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Benchmark Datasets ◽  
Muscle Activations

Coordinated movement is thought to be simplified by the nervous system through the activation of muscle synergies. Current approaches to muscle synergy extraction rely on dimensionality reduction algorithms that impose limiting constraints. To capture large-scale interactions between muscle activations, a more generalised approach that considers the complexity and nonlinearity of the motor system is required. Here we developed a novel framework for muscle synergy extraction that relaxes model assumptions by using a combination of information- and network theory and dimensionality reduction. This novel framework can capture spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal interactions, producing distinct spatial groupings and both tonic and phasic temporal patterns. Furthermore, our framework identifies submodular structures in the extracted synergies that exemplify the fractal modularity of the human motor system. To demonstrate the versatility of the methodology, we applied it to two benchmark datasets of arm and whole-body reaching movements. Readily interpretable muscle synergies spanning multiple spatial and temporal scales were identified that demonstrated significant task dependence, ability to capture trial-to-trial fluctuations, a scale-invariance with dataset complexity and a substantial concordance across participants. Finally, we position this framework as a bridge between existing models and recent network-theoretic endeavours by discussing the continuity and novelty of the presented findings.

Cognitive Science and Educational Administration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Evers ◽  
Gabriele Lakomski
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Educational Administration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Artificial Neural

The influence of cognitive science on educational administration has been patchy. It has varied over four main accounts of cognition, which are, in historical order: behaviorism, functionalism, artificial neural networks, and cognitive neuroscience. These developments, at least as they may have concerned educational administration, go from the late 1940s up to the present day. There also has been a corresponding sequence of developments in educational administration, mainly motivated by accounts of the nature of science. The goal of producing a science of educational administration was dominated by the construal of science as a positivist enterprise. For much of the field’s early development, from the 1950s to the early 1970s, varieties of behaviorism were central, with brief excursions into functionalism. When large-scale alternatives to behaviorism finally began to emerge, they were mostly alternatives to science, and thus failed to comport with much of cognitive science. However, the emergence of postpositivist accounts of science has created the possibility for studies in administrator cognition to be informed by developments in neuroscience. These developments initially included the study of artificial neural networks and more recently have involved biologically realistic mathematical models that reflect work in cognitive neuroscience.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Cortical Networks for Hierarchical Prediction and Prediction Error in the Primate Brain

Neuron ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1252-1266.e3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenas C. Chao ◽  
Kana Takaura ◽  
Liping Wang ◽  
Naotaka Fujii ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cortical Networks ◽  
Primate Brain
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