scholarly journals A Comparative Assessment of Visceral Leishmaniasis Burden in Two Eco-epidemiologically Different Countries, India and Sudan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Barley ◽  
Anuj Mubayi ◽  
Muntaser Safan ◽  
Carlos Castillo-Chavez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Factors Associated

AbstractThe two hyper–endemic regions for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in the world are located in India and Sudan. These two countries account for more than half of the world’s VL burden. The regional risk factors associated with VL vary drastically per region. A mathematical model of VL transmission dynamics is introduced and parametrized to quantify risk of VL infection in India and Sudan via a careful analysis of VL prevalence level and the control reproductive number,, a metric often used to characterize the degree of endemicity. Parameters, associated with VL-epidemiology for India and Sudan, are estimated using data from health departmental reports, clinical trials, field studies, and surveys in order to assess potential differences between the hyper–endemic regions of India and Sudan. The estimated value of reproduction number for India is found to be 60% higher than that of Sudan (and). It is observed that theis most sensitive to the average biting rate and vector-human transmission rates irrespective of regional differences. The treatment rate is found to be the most sensitive parameter to VL prevalence in humans for both India and Sudan. Although the unexplained higher incidence of VL in India needs to be carefully monitored during long-term empirical follow-up, the risk factors associated with vectors are identified as more critical to dynamics of VL than factors related to humans through this modeling study.Author SummaryThe Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease, primarily endemic in five countries, with India and Sudan having the highest burden. The risk factors associated with VL are either unknown in some regions or vary drastically among empirical studies. In this study, we collect VL-related data from multiple sources for the two different countries, India and Sudan, and use techniques from mathematical modeling to understand factors that may be critical in the spread and control of VL. The results suggest that the risk factors associated with disease progression are important in explaining high VL prevalence in both the countries. However, the likelihood of disease outbreak in India is much higher than that in Sudan and the probability of transmission between human and sandfly populations vary significantly between the two. The results have implications towards VL elimination and may require a review of current control priorities.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Paraíba, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raizza Barros Sousa Silva ◽  
Maurina Lima Porto ◽  
Werona de Oliveira Barbosa ◽  
Heitor Cândido de Souza ◽  
Nedja Fernanda dos Santos Pinto Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
The State ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Factors Associated

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in Jaciara, State of Mato Grosso

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Marcidelli Lopes ◽  
Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte ◽  
Naiani Domingos Gasparetto ◽  
Cenita Maria Oliveira ◽  
Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Factors Associated

scholarly journals Risk Factors associated with defaulting from visceral leishmaniasis treatment: analysis under routine programme conditions in Bihar, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1037-1042
Author(s):  
S. Kansal ◽  
J. Chakravarty ◽  
A. Kumar ◽  
P. Malaviya ◽  
M. Boelaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Treatment Analysis

Risk Factors Associated with Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Urban Area of Bahia, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuinara Maia ◽  
Vivian Viana ◽  
Eduardo Muniz ◽  
Larissa Oliveira Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Maurício Cardeal Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factors associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nand Kishore Sah ◽  
◽  
Khushbu Yadav ◽  
Satyam Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Factors Associated

Pain is temporary: Discourse analysis of inmates’ accounts of suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-519
Author(s):  
Guo Jing-ying
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Suicide Intervention ◽  
Inmate Suicide

There have been abundant empirical studies identifying risk factors associated with inmate suicide. However, little attention has been turned to the voices of inmates who have experienced suicide. This article, based on semi-structured interviews with 14 incarcerated adults who have committed suicide and survived in prisons in Zhejiang Province, China, tries to explore how suicide is presented, constructed and oriented to in interaction. Implications for future research and suicide intervention are also discussed.

scholarly journals Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in selected high endemic areas of Morang, Nepal: A case control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-196
Author(s):  
Punam Kumari Mandal ◽  
Rajendra Raj Wagle ◽  
Surendra Uranw ◽  
Ajoy Kumar Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Control Study

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health concern in Nepal. During the last few years, several Kala-azar outbreaks have been reported from Terai region including Morang district, Nepal. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with Kala-azar at individual and household levels in selected highly endemic areas of Morang district of eastern Nepal. Methodology: A case control study was conducted in five endemic village development committees of Morang district with 62 cases already treated from B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and Koshi Zonal Hospital. Two hundred and forty eight controls were selected randomly from the same village at the ratio of 1:4. Data was collected between September and November 2013 using structured questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were done and the final model was selected using the backward elimination strategy. Results: This study showed that the majority of cases (29.0%) were from the 13-25 years age group, males are more than females and indigenous caste (74.2%) were affected more than other caste. Living in thatched house (OR 4.57, 95% CI 1.91-10.93), ownership of animal (OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.87-8.37), sleeping on the ground floor (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.83-8.31),  history of migration to India and proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance of household were significant risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis. The association with socioeconomic status remained significant and there was a clear dose – response effect.  Conclusion: Living in thatched house, ownership of animals, sleeping on the ground floor, history of migration to India, proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance and poverty are the main risk factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis transmission.

Exposure Assessment Tools for Physical Risk Factors Associated with Computer Work

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (37) ◽  
pp. 688-688
Author(s):  
Jack Dennerlein ◽  
Pete Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Computer Work ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Physical Risk ◽  
Physical Risk Factors ◽  
Portable System ◽  
Mouse Movements

While the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity include physical risk factors, such as force and posture, the measurement of these factors during computer work has been limited to primarily laboratory studies. A portable system for field use was designed which measured forces applied to the keyboard and mouse, the patterns of the forces as well as tracking keystrokes, mouse movements, and wrist postures. Application of this system is planned for a series of laboratory and field studies.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Steven L. Demeter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Left Ventricular Mass Index ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Clear Explanation

Abstract The fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) use left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as a variable to determine impairment caused by hypertensive disease. The issue of LVH, as assessed echocardiographically, is a prime example of medical science being at odds with legal jurisprudence. Some legislatures have allowed any cause of LVH in a hypertensive individual to be an allowed manifestation of hypertensive changes. This situation has arisen because a physician can never say that no component of LVH was not caused by the hypertension, even in an individual with a cardiomyopathy or valvular disorder. This article recommends that evaluators consider three points: if the cause of the LVH is hypertension, is the examinee at maximum medical improvement; is the LVH caused by hypertension or another factor; and, if apportionment is allowed, then a careful analysis of the risk factors for other disorders associated with LVH is necessary. The left ventricular mass index should be present in the echocardiogram report and can guide the interpretation of the alleged LVH; if not present, it should be requested because it facilitates a more accurate analysis. Further, if the cause of the LVH is more likely independent of the hypertension, then careful reasoning and an explanation should be included in the impairment report. If hypertension is only a partial cause, a reasoned analysis and clear explanation of the apportionment are required.

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