scholarly journals Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in the Southern Region, Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah M AlKahtani ◽  
Meaad N Alsultan ◽  
Abdulrahim R Hakami ◽  
Mohammad Alamri
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HCV genotypes in the Southern Region, Saudi Arabia.Materials & methodsA total of 76 HCV-positive individuals were selected for this study, including 34 males and 42 females, both acute and chronic patients. All HCV isolates were genotyped by direct sequencing of the 5’UTR region. The Chemistry profile, viral load and history of blood transfusion were collected from the hospital record.ResultsThe most common genotype was gt 4 (48.7%) followed by gt 1 (34.2%) and gt 3 (14.5%). Genotype 2 (2.6%) was only found in elderly male individuals. Patients with history of blood transfusion showed a high percentage of genotype 1 compared to the total number of all patients with genotype 1 (23% and 11% respectively). Biochemical assay showed high level of ALT particularly in genotype 4. No significant relationship was observed between HCV genotype and AST level between genotypes. The viral load was higher in HCV patients received blood transfusion than other genotypes.ConclusionThe prevalence of genotypes in this study confirmed the observation of other investigations, but no link was found between sex and genotype. There might be an association between blood donation in the past and infections with genotype 1.

scholarly journals An update on hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Jordan: a 12-year retrospective study from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Amman

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik Sallam ◽  
Rawan Batarseh ◽  
Anas Natsheh ◽  
Jumana Abbadi ◽  
Esraa Al-Fraihat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
T Test ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Nucleic acid hybridization (NAH) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a practical and reliable tool for virus genotyping. Genotype assignment is an important factor in the prediction of treatment success in chronic hepatitis C patients. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype distribution among HCV clinical isolates in Jordan between 2007 and 2018. Methods Electronic and paper-based clinical data registry records from 2007 to 2018 at the Jordan University Hospital (JUH) were retrospectively examined for individuals with HCV genotype, HCV viral load, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing results. Genotype determination was based on NAH technique using the HCV 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) with 386 requests available from 342 unique individuals. Results A total of 263 out of 342 unique individuals (76.9%) had genotyping results available for final analysis with 259 individuals each having a single genotyping result. The most common HCV genotypes in the study were: genotype 4 (n = 142, 54.0%), genotype 1 (n = 87, 33.1%), genotype 3 (n = 16, 6.1%), genotype 2 (n = 9, 3.4%), other undetermined genotypes (n = 5, 1.9%) and mixed infections (n = 4, 1.5%). Sub-genotyping results were available for 46 individuals as follows: sub-genotype 4c/d (n = 13, 28.3%), sub-genotype 1a (n = 11, 23.9%), sub-genotype 1b (n = 10, 21.7%), sub-genotype 4a (n = 8, 17.4%), sub-genotype 3a (n = 2, 4.3%), sub-genotypes 2a/c and 4 h (n = 1, 2.2% for both). Individuals infected with genotype 1 showed higher viral load when compared to those infected with genotype 4 (p = 0.048, t-test). Younger HCV-infected individuals (< 52 years) had higher ALT levels compared to older individuals (p = 0.036, t-test). Self-reported risk factors for HCV acquisition included: history of previous surgery, invasive dental procedures, and blood transfusion, delivery at home, circumcision at home and wet cupping therapy (hijama). Conclusions High genetic diversity of HCV was found in Jordan, with genotypes 4 and 1 as the most prevalent genotypes co-circulating in the country. Potential impact of virus genotype on disease markers (viral load, ALT) was detected and needs further assessment. The study can be helpful to plan for future prevention and management of HCV infection in Jordan.

scholarly journals Epidemic history of hepatitis C virus infection in two remote communities in Nigeria, West Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 1410-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Forbi ◽  
Michael A. Purdy ◽  
David S. Campo ◽  
Gilberto Vaughan ◽  
Zoya E. Dimitrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
History Of

We investigated the molecular epidemiology and population dynamics of HCV infection among indigenes of two semi-isolated communities in North-Central Nigeria. Despite remoteness and isolation, ~15 % of the population had serological or molecular markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS5b sequences obtained from 60 HCV-infected residents showed that HCV variants belonged to genotype 1 (n = 51; 85 %) and genotype 2 (n = 9; 15 %). All sequences were unique and intermixed in the phylogenetic tree with HCV sequences from people infected from other West African countries. The high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing of the HCV hypervariable region 1 and an empirical threshold error correction algorithm were used to evaluate intra-host heterogeneity of HCV strains of genotype 1 (n = 43) and genotype 2 (n = 6) from residents of the communities. Analysis revealed a rare detectable intermixing of HCV intra-host variants among residents. Identification of genetically close HCV variants among all known groups of relatives suggests a common intra-familial HCV transmission in the communities. Applying Bayesian coalescent analysis to the NS5b sequences, the most recent common ancestors for genotype 1 and 2 variants were estimated to have existed 675 and 286 years ago, respectively. Bayesian skyline plots suggest that HCV lineages of both genotypes identified in the Nigerian communities experienced epidemic growth for 200–300 years until the mid-20th century. The data suggest a massive introduction of numerous HCV variants to the communities during the 20th century in the background of a dynamic evolutionary history of the hepatitis C epidemic in Nigeria over the past three centuries.

scholarly journals Carcass and pork quality traits of indigenous pure breeds (Mangalitsa, Moravka) and their crossbreads

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Radovic ◽  
M. Petrovic ◽  
N. Parunovic ◽  
D. Radojkovic ◽  
R. Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Pork Quality ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Daily Gain

Objective of this paper was to evaluate phenotypic variability of carcass side and pork quality traits of fatteners (male castrated and female heads). Investigation included 12 pigs per group of Mangalitsa (Genotype 1), Moravka (Genotype 2), cross-breed Mangalitsa with Moravka (Genotype 3) and cross-breed Moravka with Duroc boar (Genotype 4). Results show that Mangalitsa had lower daily gain (268 g) than other genotypes (p<0.001). The greatest difference for fat thickness was determined between Genotype 1 and Genotype 4. As expected, the thinnest fat and maximum value for gain and depth of Musculus longissimus (ML) had the Genotype 4. The highest value for the ML surface was found in Genotype 4(47.52 cm2) whereas for the same trait in Mangalitsa the lowest value was observed (24.16 cm2). Mangalitsa had significantly lower L*, a* and b* values of ML compared with all other groups (p<0.001). Considering the low production performance of indigenous pig breeds, crossbreeding with the Duroc breed will contribute a improvement of growth and carcass traits.

scholarly journals Prevalence of ABO, Rh and KELL Blood Group Types and Transfusion- Transmissible Infections (TTI) among Blood Donors in Najran City, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1065-1076
Author(s):  
Osama M Alshehri ◽  
Mohammed H Nahari ◽  
Elhashimi E Hassan ◽  
Musab F Alqahtani ◽  
Turki H Awaji
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Type I ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Safe Blood

The knowledge of Red blood cells polymorphism and blood group antigens prevalence at the local and regional levels is necessary for safe blood transfusion services. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of significant blood group phenotypes like ABO, Rh, and Kell among the Najran people of Saudi Arabia. The transfusion transmittable infection (TTI) rate and blood abnormalities among various blood types were assessed to ensure safe blood transfusion. ABO and Rh blood prevalence (n=970) and Rh phenotype polymorphism were estimated in over 531 unrelated donors. The blood samples were screened for certain TTIs like AHBC- Anti-hepatitis B core, HTLV-1- human T-lymphotropic virus type I, HCV- hepatitis C virus, HBsAg- Hepatitis B antigen, HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus, SIC- Sickle cell, MP- Malaria parasite, and SYP- Syphilis. The selected samples were also observed for blood abnormalities by performing a complete blood count (CBC). Out of 970 subjects, 966 were males, and only 4 were females. The O>A>B>AB blood groups were identified with 46.89, 29.3, 9.1, and 2.38% prevalence among Rh-positive phenotype. While in the Rh system, 87.6% and 12.3% of Rh positive and Rh negative was observed. Among 953 samples, the prevalence of seropositive donors was approximately 5.66%. The screening showed about 5.036, 0.104, 0.314, 0.209, 2.18, 0.104, and 0.209% positivity for AHBC, HCV, HBsAg, HIV, SIC, MP, and SYP respectively. Results found that the frequency of D, C, E, c, and e were 99.9%, 67.98, 25.8, 77.9, 98.49%, respectively, in over 531 subjects. The e allele was more prevalent in Najran city. After observing the variations in the CBC parameters among the donors, it was perceived that about 28.78, 99.9, 29.41, and 31.6% of blood abnormalities were noticed for O, AB, B, and A blood groups, respectively. For blood banks and transfusion services, which play a significant role in the medical care of the patient, awareness of the distribution of the blood group is essential. Increasing consistency of blood donation programs would improve both donor satisfaction and motivation for potential donations of blood in near future.

scholarly journals Genetic Subtypes and Natural Resistance Mutations in HCV Genotype 4 Infected Saudi Arabian Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariantonietta Di Stefano ◽  
Mona Ismail ◽  
Giuseppina Faleo ◽  
Saada Elmnan Adem ◽  
Mohamed Elamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Genetic Subtypes ◽  
Small Cohort ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

This study aimed to characterize the genetic subtypes of HCV-GT4 and identify the presence of natural occurring resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in Saudi Arabia patients. A total of 17 GT4 patients was analyzed. Sequence analysis of NS3, NS5A and NS5B regions was performed by direct sequencing. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was used to determine genetic subtypes, RAS and polymorphisms. Nine patients were infected by a GT4a, one with GT4o, 3 with GT4d. The remaining four patients were infected with a recombinant virus (GT4a+GT4o in three patients, GT4c+GT4d in a patient). Natural RASs were found in six patients (35%), including three infected by GT4a, two by GT4a+GT4o and one patient infected by GT4c+GT4d. In particular, NS3-RAS V170I was demonstrated in three patients, while NS5A-RASs (L28M, L30R, L28M+M31L) were detected in the remaining three patients. All patients were treated with sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir; three patients were lost to follow-up whereas 14 patients completed the treatment. A sustained virological response (SVR) was obtained in all but one patient carrying NS3-RAS V170I who later relapsed. GT4a is the most common subtype in this small cohort of Saudi Arabia patients infected with hepatitis C infection. Natural RASs were observed in about a third of patients, but only one of them showed a treatment failure.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Cryptosporidiumspp. in the United Kingdom: Results of GenotypingCryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 Fecal Samples from Humans and 105 Fecal Samples from Livestock Animals

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 3984-3990 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McLauchlin ◽  
C. Amar ◽  
S. Pedraza-Díaz ◽  
G. L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Oocyst Wall ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
History Of

Cryptosporidium present in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 from livestock animals were analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein. Overall, genotype 1 (human exclusive type) was detected in 37.8% of the samples from humans, genotype 2 (broad host range) was detected in 61.5%, a third genotype designated genotype 3 (Cryptosporidium meleagridis) was detected in 0.3%, and both genotypes 1 and 2 were recovered from 0.4%. All samples from livestock yielded genotype 2. Among 469 patients infected during eight drinking water-related outbreaks, five outbreaks were predominantly due to genotype 1, and three were due to genotype 2. Fifty-four samples were collected from patients involved with five swimming pool-associated outbreaks: two outbreaks were due to genotype 1, one was due to genotype 2, and the remaining two involved both genotypes 1 and 2. Among 26 family outbreaks and 1 children's nursery outbreak (2 to 3 members per group), the same genotype was recovered from the different members of each outbreak: 13 were due to genotype 1, and 14 were due to genotype 2. In eighteen patients reporting contact with animals and/or farms, genotype 1 was recovered from one patient and genotype 2 was recovered from the remaining 17. Among the sporadic cases, there were distinct geographical and temporal variations in the distribution of the genotypes. The spring peak in cases was due to genotype 2. Genotype 1 was significantly more common in patients infected during the late-summer–autumn peak and in those with a history of foreign travel.

scholarly journals The treatment of HCV in patients with haemoglobinopathy in Kurdistan Region, Iraq: a single centre experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (8) ◽  
pp. 1634-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. HUSSEIN ◽  
I. TUNJEL ◽  
Z. BASHARAT ◽  
A. TAHA ◽  
W. IRVING
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Sustained Virological Response ◽  
Virological Response ◽  
Rapid Virological Response ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Hcv Genotype ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Direct Acting

SUMMARYVarious variables that might influence the rapid and sustained virological response to recombinant PEG-IFN-α-2a were explored in Iraqi HCV-infected patients with haemoglobinopathy. Forty-three patients were evaluated for the relationship between rapid virological response (RVR), IL-28B polymorphism, viral load, liver enzyme levels, blood group, ultrasound findings, or HCV genotype and the sustained virological response (SVR) achievement. The overall RVR was 55·81% while the overall SVR was 53·49%. SVR in patients that achieved RVR was 82·61% (P = 0·0004). A significant association was found between initial alanine transaminase levels and viral load with SVR achievement (P = 0·025) and (P = 0·004), respectively. Thirty-two (74%) out of 43 of our samples were host genotyped at the IL-28B locus as CC, a significant association was found between CC group and SVR achievement (P = 0·04). Of our samples, 23/43 (53%) were typed as HCV genotype 4, 10/43 (23%) as genotype 1, 9/43 (20·9%) as genotype 3 and 1/43 (2·3%) as genotype 2. A significant association was found between genotype 3 and SVR achievement (P = 0·006). Multivariate analysis showed that only RVR achievement independently associated with SVR in the Iraqi population (P = 0·00). These results can be used to classify the patients requiring the more expensive new direct-acting antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals Genetic Subtypes and Natural Resistance Mutations in HCV Genotype 4 Infected Saudi Arabian Patients

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1832
Author(s):  
Mariantonietta Di Stefano ◽  
Mona H. Ismail ◽  
Thomas Leitner ◽  
Giuseppina Faleo ◽  
Saada A. Elmnan Adem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Genetic Subtypes ◽  
Small Cohort ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

This study aimed to characterize the HCV genetic subtypes variability and the presence of natural occurring resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in Saudi Arabia patients. A total of 17 GT patients were analyzed. Sequence analysis of NS3, NS5A, and NS5B regions was performed by direct sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were used to determine genetic subtypes, RAS, and polymorphisms. Nine patients were infected by GT 4a, two with GT 4o and three with GT 4d. Two patients were infected with apparent recombinant virus (4a/4o/4a in NS3/NS5A/NS5B), and one patient was infected with a previously unknown, unclassifiable, virus of GT 4. Natural RASs were found in six patients (35%), including three infected by GT 4a, two by GT 4a/GT 4o/GT 4a, and one patient infected by an unknown, unclassifiable, virus of GT 4. In particular, NS3-RAS V170I was demonstrated in three patients, while NS5A-RASs (L28M, L30R, L28M + M31L) were detected in the remaining three patients. All patients were treated with sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir; three patients were lost to follow-up, whereas 14 patients completed the treatment. A sustained virological response (SVR) was obtained in all but one patient carrying NS3-RAS V170I who later relapsed. GT 4a is the most common subtype in this small cohort of Saudi Arabia patients infected with hepatitis C infection. Natural RASs were observed in about one-third of patients, but only one of them showed a treatment failure.

scholarly journals Acceptability of the COVID-19 Vaccine among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study of the General Population in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Yahya S. Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
General Population ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Vaccines afford protection against infectious diseases. However, a sizeable part of the population refuse vaccinations and continue to dispute the evidence supporting vaccinations. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination uptake and its determinants among the Saudi population in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey studied COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in adults in Saudi Arabia, targeting the general population in the southwestern region. Data were collected through an online survey questionnaire tool. All data were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. The majority (57.29%) of the participants were willing to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine, whereas almost 64% believed it is necessary to take the COVID-19 vaccine to protect oneself and that the vaccine is safe, efficient and effective. The data showed that perceived risk of COVID-19 (p = 0.015), history of previous vaccination against seasonal influenza (p = 0.000), and trust in the healthcare system (p = 0.025) were significant predictors for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We conclude that participants’ trust in the healthcare system, perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, and history of previous vaccination against seasonal influenza were significant predictors for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Knowing the acceptance rates for the COVID-19 vaccination can aid state agencies, medical practitioners, and other entities in reducing the impact of vaccine avoidance.

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