scholarly journals Sex-Biased Trajectories of Amygdalo-Hippocampal Morphology Change Over Human Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari M. Fish ◽  
Ajay Nadig ◽  
Jakob Seidlitz ◽  
Paul K. Reardon ◽  
Catherine Mankiw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Hippocampal Development ◽  
Growth Deceleration

ABSTRACTThe amygdala and hippocampus are two adjacent allocortical structures implicated in sex-biased and developmentally-emergent psychopathology. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of amygdalo-hippocampal development remain poorly understood in healthy humans. The current study defined trajectories of volume and shape change for the amygdala and hippocampus by applying a multi-atlas segmentation pipeline (MAGeT-Brain) and semi-parametric mixed-effects spline modeling to 1,529 longitudinally-acquired structural MRI brain scans from a large, single-center cohort of 792 youth (403 males, 389 females) between the ages of 5 and 25 years old. We found that amygdala and hippocampus volumes both follow curvilinear and sexually dimorphic growth trajectories. These sex-biases were particularly striking in the amygdala: males showed a significantly later and slower adolescent deceleration in volume expansion (at age 20 years) than females (age 13 years). Shape analysis localized significant hot-spots of sex-biased anatomical development in sub-regional territories overlying rostral and caudal extremes of the CA1/2 in the hippocampus, and the centromedial nuclear group of the amygdala. In both sexes, principal components analysis revealed close integration of amygdala and hippocampus shape change along two main topographically-organized axes – low vs. high areal expansion, and early vs. late growth deceleration. These results bring greater resolution to our spatiotemporal understanding of amygdalo-hippocampal development in healthy males and females and discover focal sex-differences in the structural maturation of the brain components that may contribute to differences in behavior and psychopathology that emerge during adolescence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe amygdala and hippocampus are implicated in several developmentally-dynamic and sex-biased psychiatric disorders, but the spatiotemporal organization and sex-biased patterning of amygdalo-hippocampal maturation remains unclear in humans. Here, by integrating new methods for analysis of longitudinal neuroimaging data, we resolve the developmental milestones and spatial gradients that organize human amygdalo-hippocampal maturation. Each structure’s volume follows a tri-phasic, curvilinear growth trajectory which - for the amygdala - shows rapid male-female size divergence in mid-adolescence through delayed growth deceleration in males. Spatially fine-grained shape analyses localize these sex differences, and further reveal highly orchestrated shape changes across the amygdala and hippocampus that are organized by two topographical gradients. These data provide a new framework for understanding amygdalo-hippocampal organization in human development.

Behavioral measures of sensitization to repeated d-amphetamine: Preliminary data on sex differences in healthy humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. S265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weidenauer ◽  
M. Bauer ◽  
L. Bartova ◽  
U. Sauerzopf ◽  
N. Praschak-Rieder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Healthy Humans

Sex differences in respiratory muscle activation patterns during high-intensity exercise in healthy humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid A. Mitchell ◽  
Michele R. Schaeffer ◽  
Andrew H. Ramsook ◽  
Sabrina S. Wilkie ◽  
Jordan A. Guenette
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Healthy Humans

scholarly journals Tactile direction discrimination in humans after stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C Lundblad ◽  
Håkan Olausson ◽  
Pontus Wasling ◽  
Katarina Jood ◽  
Anna Wysocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Direction Discrimination ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Hands And Feet

Abstract Sensing movements across the skin surface is a complex task for the tactile sensory system, relying on sophisticated cortical processing. Functional MRI has shown that judgements of the direction of tactile stimuli moving across the skin are processed in distributed cortical areas in healthy humans. To further study which brain areas are important for tactile direction discrimination, we performed a lesion study, examining a group of patients with first-time stroke. We measured tactile direction discrimination in 44 patients, bilaterally on the dorsum of the hands and feet, within 2 weeks (acute), and again in 28 patients 3 months after stroke. The 3-month follow-up also included a structural MRI scan for lesion delineation. Fifty-nine healthy participants were examined for normative direction discrimination values. We found abnormal tactile direction discrimination in 29/44 patients in the acute phase, and in 21/28 3 months after stroke. Lesions that included the opercular parietal area 1 of the secondary somatosensory cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the insular cortex were always associated with abnormal tactile direction discrimination, consistent with previous functional MRI results. Abnormal tactile direction discrimination was also present with lesions including white matter and subcortical regions. We have thus delineated cortical, subcortical and white matter areas important for tactile direction discrimination function. The findings also suggest that tactile dysfunction is common following stroke.

scholarly journals ENIGMA + COINSTAC: Improving Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Re-usability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Turner ◽  
Vince D. Calhoun ◽  
Paul M. Thompson ◽  
Neda Jahanshad ◽  
Christopher R. K. Ching ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Negative Symptom ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Fair Principles ◽  
Data Objects ◽  
Neuroimaging Genetics

AbstractThe FAIR principles, as applied to clinical and neuroimaging data, reflect the goal of making research products Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The use of the Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite Toolkit for Anonymized Computation (COINSTAC) platform in the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium combines the technological approach of decentralized analyses with the sociological approach of sharing data. In addition, ENIGMA + COINSTAC provides a platform to facilitate the use of machine-actionable data objects. We first present how ENIGMA and COINSTAC support the FAIR principles, and then showcase their integration with a decentralized meta-analysis of sex differences in negative symptom severity in schizophrenia, and finally present ongoing activities and plans to advance FAIR principles in ENIGMA + COINSTAC. ENIGMA and COINSTAC currently represent efforts toward improved Access, Interoperability, and Reusability. We highlight additional improvements needed in these areas, as well as future connections to other resources for expanded Findability.

scholarly journals Reproductive strategy of common dentex Dentex dentex: management implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GRAU ◽  
F. SABORIDO-REY ◽  
E. PASTOR ◽  
M. PALMER ◽  
E. MASSUTÍ-PASCUAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Dentex Dentex

Common dentex Dentex dentex is an iconic endangered species in the Mediterranean where is a sought after target species for small-scale, recreational and spearfishing fisheries. The reproductive biology of D. dentex in the natural environment is poorly known; therefore the reproductive strategy of the species was assessed by combining reproductive traits with the growth characteristics (estimated from length-at-age data), the size/age of sexual maturity and the energetic dynamics. A total of 358 wild fish were sampled on Mallorca Island (W Mediterranean) from March 1996 to June 1999 with a 19 to 84.7 cm total length (LT) range. The sex ratio was skewed towards females (1.361) albeit the length composition was not different between sexes (p = 0.551). Three young immature individuals (< 28 cm LT, 0.8% individuals) were rudimentary hermaphrodites supporting the late gonochoristic species classification. The age composition determined from sagitta otolith interpretation ranged from 0 to 26 years (yr). Concerning growth, between sex differences in von Bertalanffy parameters were not relevant, even after accounting for potential between-year differences. The most noticeable difference was found for L∞ (64.7 cm for females versus 61.6 for males) but even in this case, the bayesian credibility interval of between-sex differences included zero.  Maturity ogives at size and age showed that females achieved 50% maturity at 34.9 cm LT and 3.3 years, while males did at 33.8 cm LT and 2.5 years. The onset of gonad developing phase took place in December, while it progresses until April. The spawning peak was in April and May for both sexes. A generalized linear model showed that female size didn’t affect significantly the spawning season, whilst there was a strong seasonality in the spawning. Most of the evidences showed that fecundity is likely determinate, with an asynchronous oocyte development before spawning and a clear ovarian bimodal organization after the onset of spawning. Female weight explained 84% of the observed variance for fecundity. The gonadosomatic, hepatosomatic and condition indexes varied significantly with the reproductive season for females and only the gonadosomatic index for males. Storage in muscle seemed to be the primary source of energy for reproduction, although liver appeared to play a short-term role in egg production, suggesting a combination of capital and income breeding. The results indicate that the life history strategy of common dentex possess consist on maturing well before reaching maximum size, investing in growth after maturation, and therefore the reproductive effort is distributed through a longer lifespan and related with the size attained after maturation. At present no management measures are directed to D. dentex; given its life history strategy we suggest that a slot limit should be implemented, i.e. a minimum and a maximum landing size, with a minimum size of 35 cm. The upper threshold, to protect the higher reproductive potential of older and larger fish, should still be defined.

S201. Sex Differences in the Reward System: Neural, Autonomic, and Behavioral Responses in Healthy Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. S375
Author(s):  
Katherine Warthen ◽  
Keith G. Jones ◽  
Benjamin Sanford ◽  
Alita Boyse-Peacor ◽  
Tiffany Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Healthy Humans

Sex differences in neural responsivity to reward and loss: Associations with triarchic model traits and antisocial behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Brislin ◽  
Alexander Samuel Weigard ◽  
Jillian E. Hardee ◽  
Lora M. Cope ◽  
Meghan E. Martz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Amygdala Activation ◽  
Delay Task ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay ◽  
Triarchic Model

Deficits in response to reward and loss are implicated in antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy. This study examined sex differences in associations of neural response to reward and loss with triarchic model traits and ASPD symptoms. Functional neuroimaging data was collected during a monetary incentive delay task from 158 participants. We predicted that males high in ASPD would show greater neural response to reward anticipation and less neural response to loss. Analyses examining the triarchic model were exploratory. A significant sex by Boldness interaction was associated with left nucleus accumbens response during loss anticipation. There were also significant sex by ASPD associations with left nucleus accumbens and left amygdala activation during the loss feedback condition and left nucleus accumbens during loss anticipation. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of sex and triarchic model traits when examining reward and loss processing in the context of antisocial behavior.

scholarly journals Male–only care and classical polyandry in birds: phylogeny, ecology and sex differences in remating opportunities

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1419) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. F. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Ecological Differences

It has been argued recently that the combination of male–only parental care and classical polyandry in birds is the most interesting and yet the least understood of all avian breeding systems. Despite a huge number of hypotheses, careful comparative analyses have repeatedly failed to identify consistent ecological differences between species showing male–only care and closely related species showing other patterns of care. This has led to the suggestion that such analyses fail because the crucial differences are between ancient lineages rather than between closely related species. Here, therefore, I use comparisons between families to test three well–known hypotheses: that male–only care is associated with: (i) a low rate of fecundity; (ii) large egg size relative to female size; or (iii) female–biased opportunities for remating. Families showing male–only care do not differ from families showing female–only care with respect to rate of fecundity or relative egg size. There is, however, a significant difference between these two groups of families with respect to an index of remating opportunities, nesting density. Families showing female–only care nest at high density, while those showing male–only care nest at very low density. This is one of the first times a consistent ecological correlate has been identified for male–only care in birds. It suggests that female–only care arises (or persists) in families where remating opportunities are abundant for both sexes, whereas male–only care arises (or persists) in families where remating opportunities are rare for both sexes and particularly scarce for males. This in turn suggests that sex differences in remating opportunities are the key ecological factor in determining male–only care and classical polyandry in birds.

scholarly journals Topographic divergence of atypical cortical asymmetry and regional atrophy patterns in temporal lobe epilepsy: a worldwide enigma study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-yong Park ◽  
Sara Lariviere ◽  
Raul Rodriguez-Cruces ◽  
Jessica Royer ◽  
Shahin Tavakol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Drug Resistant Epilepsy ◽  
Disease Signature

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a common drug-resistant epilepsy in adults, is primarily a limbic network disorder associated with predominant unilateral hippocampal pathology. Structural MRI has provided an in vivo window into whole-brain grey matter pathology in TLE relative to controls, by either mapping (i) atypical inter-hemispheric asymmetry or (ii) regional atrophy. However, similarities and differences of both atypical asymmetry and regional atrophy measures have not been systematically investigated. Here, we addressed this gap using the multi-site ENIGMA-Epilepsy dataset comprising MRI brain morphological measures in 732 TLE patients and 1,418 healthy controls. We compared spatial distributions of grey matter asymmetry and atrophy in TLE, contextualized their topographies relative to spatial gradients in cortical microstructure and functional connectivity, and examined clinical associations using machine learning. We identified a marked divergence in the spatial distribution of atypical inter-hemispheric asymmetry and regional atrophy mapping. The former revealed a temporo-limbic disease signature while the latter showed diffuse and bilateral patterns. Our findings were robust across individual sites and patients. Cortical atrophy was significantly correlated with disease duration and age at seizure onset, while degrees of asymmetry did not show a significant relationship to these clinical variables. Our findings highlight that the mapping of atypical inter-hemispheric asymmetry and regional atrophy tap into two complementary aspects of TLE-related pathology, with the former revealing primary substrates in ipsilateral limbic circuits and the latter capturing bilateral disease effects. These findings refine our notion of the neuropathology of TLE and may inform future discovery and validation of complementary MRI biomarkers in TLE.

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