scholarly journals Oxytocin increases after affiliative interactions in male Barbary macaques

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan V. Rincon ◽  
Tobias Deschner ◽  
Oliver Schülke ◽  
Julia Ostner
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
Cooperative Relationships ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Neuropeptide Hormone ◽  
Infant Male

AbstractMammals living in stable social groups often mitigate the costs of group living through the formation of social bonds and cooperative relationships. The neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (OT) has been proposed to promote both bonding and cooperation although only a limited number of studies have investigated this under natural conditions. Our aim was to assess the role of OT in bonding and cooperation in male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). First we tested for an effect of affiliation - grooming and triadic male-infant-male interactions - with bond and non-bond partners on urinary OT levels. Secondly we aimed to test whether grooming interactions (and thus increased OT levels) increase a male’s general propensity to cooperate in polyadic conflicts. We collected behavioral data via full-day focal animal protocols on 14 adult males and measured endogenous OT levels from 139 urine samples collected after affiliation and non-social control periods. Urinary OT levels were higher after grooming with any partner. By contrast, OT levels after male-infant-male interactions with any partner or with bond partners were not different from controls but were higher after interactions with non-bond partners. Previous grooming did not increase the likelihood of males to support others in conflicts. Collectively, our results support research indicating that OT is involved in the regulation of adult social bonds, including in non-reproductive contexts. However, our male-infant-male interaction results go against previous studies suggesting that it is affiliation with bond rather than non-bond partners that trigger the release of OT. Alternatively, OT levels may have been elevated prior to male-infant-male interactions thus facilitating interaction between non-bond partners. The lack of an association of grooming (and by extension increased OT levels) and subsequent support speaks against an OT linked increase in the general propensity to cooperate, yet further studies are needed for a more direct test including the possibility of partner-specific contingent cooperation.

scholarly journals The dawn of social bonds: what is the role of shared experiences in non-human animals?

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 20200201
Author(s):  
Laura Busia ◽  
Matteo Griggio
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationship ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Shed Light

Group-living animals can develop social bonds. Social bonds can be considered a type of social relationship characterized by frequent and consistent affiliative (non-reproductive) interactions. Social bonds with conspecifics bring many advantages, also in terms of direct fitness. A characteristic of social bonds is that they need time to develop. Several studies on humans have emphasized the fact that sharing experiences can affect the strength of social bonds. A similar trend can be spotted in non-human species. For example, a recent experiment showed that if chimpanzees watched a video together with a conspecific, they spent more time in proximity compared to conspecifics with whom they did not actively watch a video. Another experiment on fish showed that individuals who experienced a situation of high predation risk together, showed preference for each other compared to those who did not. As the link between shared experiences and social bonds is not explicitly recognized in non-human animals, the main goal of this work is to propose the exploration of this novel research path. This exploration would contribute to shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms of social bond (or friendship) development and maintenance between individuals in different vertebrate species, from fish to non-human primates.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dominance Rank on the Distribution of Different Types of Male–Infant–Male Interactions in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Kuběnová ◽  
Julia Ostner ◽  
Oliver Schülke ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Petr Šmilauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Infant Male

scholarly journals Triadic awareness predicts partner choice in male–infant–male interactions in Barbary macaques

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Kubenova ◽  
Martina Konecna ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Petr Smilauer ◽  
Julia Ostner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Infant ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
Infant Male

Sex and species differences in plasma oxytocin using an enzyme immunoassay

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin M Kramer ◽  
Bruce S Cushing ◽  
C Sue Carter ◽  
Julie Wu ◽  
Mary Ann Ottinger
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Prairie Vole ◽  
Microtus Ochrogaster ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
As Species ◽  
Neuropeptide Hormone ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

The neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (OT) is released peripherally and centrally and has been implicated in both physiology and behavior, especially sociosexual behaviors. Knowledge of OT levels in blood or other sources would be useful but these are rarely reported. Radioimmunoassay following extraction is the most commonly used method for measuring OT but is not ideal for use in small mammals in which blood volumes and concentrations of OT are low. Here we report a chemical and biological validation for a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for OT in unextracted plasma. In addition, comparisons of OT were made across species to allow comparison of the monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842)) to the polygynous Sprague Dawley rat. These species were chosen because OT plays a role in the formation of social bonds and we predicted that the highly social prairie vole would have higher plasma OT than the less social rat. Results of this comparison confirmed our hypothesis. Further, OT was significantly higher in females than in males in both species. Our results indicate that this enzyme immunoassay can be used to assay plasma OT in rodents and that the predicted correlations exist between plasma OT and gender as well as species-typical social behavior.

PLACING IDENTITY ON THE MARKET (The Role of Modern Tourism on Kasepuhan Banten Kidul Community’s Cultural Movement in West Java, Indonesia)

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Nur Widiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Group Living ◽  
West Java ◽  
Indigenous Religion ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
Tourism Resources ◽  
Cultural Movement

This paper examines the dynamics within the encounter between identity formation of a minority group living in West Java, Indonesia and the arrival of modern tourism in the area. It studies whether an indigenous group endowed by various amazing tourism resources engages with tourism as a tactics to deal with policies excluding them for years. Contrasting to Friedman’s study on the early Hawaiian cultural movement which was anti-tourism, Kasepuhan Banten Kidul community living on Cipta gelar, an enclave area under Halimun-Salak National Park’s control,takes tourism as the opportunity to resist various dominations and to strengthen its cultural identity. Findings from participant’s observations and indepth interview show some changes are also inevitable. Engaging with modern tourism means the readiness to accommodate the arrival of various outside elements. However, the strategy has led local government to declare the area as part of major tourism destination in 2007. It means Sunda Wiwitan, an indigenous religion practiced by the community which is not officially recognized as a legal religion in Indonesia can be freely practiced in order to promote tourism. In this case, tourism is seen as one opportunity to establish a form of social movement in resisting dominations. Borrowing De Certeu, the community might have produced silent productivity to deal with larger authorities, including with its consequences in various ways. Keywords: identity, Kasepuhan Banten Kidul, tourism, resistance

scholarly journals Castration, cult and agriculture. Perspectives on Greek animal sacrifice

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 153-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnel Ekroth
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
The Sacrifice ◽  
Sacred Laws

The castration of most male animals seems to have been the rule in ancient Greece when rearing cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs; only very few adult males are needed for breeding purposes and flocks of bulls, rams, billy-goats and boars are difficult to keep, since they are too aggressive. Castrated males yield more and fattier meat, and, in the case of sheep, more wool. Still, sacred laws and sacrificial calendars stipulate the sacrifice of uncastrated victims, and vase-paintings frequently represent bulls, rams and billy-goats in ritual contexts. This paper will discuss the role of uncastrated male animals in Greek cult in the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, both from a religious and an agricultural perspective. Of particular interest are the relations between the practical, economic reality and the theological perception of sacrifice. These issues will be explored using epigraphical, literary, iconographical and zooarchaeological evidence.

scholarly journals Is There a “Right” Side of Communicating Friendship? Lateralization of Social Interactions in Zoo Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3288
Author(s):  
Marzia Baldachini ◽  
Barbara Regaiolli ◽  
Miquel Llorente ◽  
David Riba ◽  
Caterina Spiezio
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
The Social ◽  
Side Preference ◽  
The Right

Social laterality in non-human primates has started to attract attention in recent years. The positioning of individuals during social interactions could possibly suggest the nature of a relationship and the social ranking of the subjects involved. The subjects of the present study were 12 adult Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) housed in a zoological garden. We carried out fourteen 210-min video-recorded sessions and we used a focal animal sampling method to collect the position of the subjects during different social interactions. Data on the position of each macaque during three types of social interactions were collected (approach, proximity and affiliative contacts). Moreover, we focused on the outcomes of dyadic agonistic encounters to build the hierarchy of the colony. For each social interaction, two conditions were considered: the side preference (being kept on the left or on the right) and the sagittal preference (being kept in front or on the rear). Bouts of preference of different positions were collected for different social interactions (approach, proximity and contacts). No group-level side preferences were found for any social interaction, suggesting that both hemispheres might be complemental and balance each other during intraspecific communication. For the sagittal preference, we found a group-level bias for proximity, with macaques being kept in front rather than on the rear by close conspecifics. This might be due to the need to detect emotions and intentions of conspecifics. Moreover, high-ranking individuals are kept more frontally than on the rear when in proximity with other macaques. More studies are needed to better investigate social laterality, possibly distinguishing more categories of social interaction, and detecting other variables that might influence the positioning preferences.

scholarly journals Social foraging in vampire bats is predicted by long-term cooperative relationships

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon P. Ripperger ◽  
Gerald G. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
Social Foraging ◽  
Social Grooming ◽  
Cooperative Relationships ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Access To Food

AbstractStable social bonds in group-living animals can provide greater access to food. A striking example is that female vampire bats often regurgitate blood to socially bonded kin and nonkin that failed in their nightly hunt. Food-sharing relationships form via preferred associations and social grooming within roosts. However, it remains unclear whether these cooperative relationships extend beyond the roost. To evaluate if long-term cooperative relationships in vampire bats play a role in foraging, we tested if foraging encounters measured by proximity sensors could be explained by wild roosting proximity, kinship, or rates of co-feeding, social grooming, and food sharing during 22 months in captivity. We assessed evidence for six hypothetical scenarios of social foraging, ranging from individual to collective hunting. We found that female vampire bats departed their roost individually, but often re-united far outside the roost. Nonrandomly repeating foraging encounters were predicted by within-roost association and histories of cooperation in captivity, even when controlling for kinship. Foraging bats demonstrated both affiliative and competitive interactions and a previously undescribed call type. We suggest that social foraging could have implications for social evolution if ‘local’ cooperation within the roost and ‘global’ competition outside the roost enhances fitness interdependence between frequent roostmates.

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