scholarly journals Intranasal inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice produces nasal infection with rapid brain dissemination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Coelho ◽  
Emma Camacho ◽  
Antonio Salas ◽  
Alexandre Alanio ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory

AbstractCryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen, causing life-threatening pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Brain dissemination of C. neoformans is thought to be a consequence of an active infection in the lung which then extravasates to other sites. Brain invasion results from dissemination via the bloodstream, either by free yeast cells in bloodstream or Trojan horse transport within mononuclear phagocytes. We assessed brain dissemination in three mouse models of infection: intravenous, intratracheal, and intranasal. All three modes of infection resulted in dissemination of C. neoformans to the brain in under 3 hours. Further, C. neoformans was detected in the entirety of the upper respiratory tract and the ear canals of mice. In recent years, intranasal infection has become a popular mechanism to induce pulmonary infection because it avoids surgery but our findings show that instillation of C. neoformans produces cryptococcal nasal infection. These findings imply that immunological studies using intranasal infection should assume the initial sites of infection of infection are brain, lung and upper respiratory tract, including the nasal airways.ImportanceCryptococcus neoformans causes an estimated 181, 000 deaths each year, mostly associated with untreated HIV/AIDS. C. neoformans has a ubiquitous worldwide distribution. Humans become infected from exposure to environmental sources and the fungus lays dormant within the human body. Upon immunosuppression, such as AIDS or therapy-induced as required by organ transplant recipients or autoimmune disease patients, cryptococcal disease reactivates and causes life-threatening meningitis and pneumonia. This study has detected that upon contact with the host, C. neoformans can quickly (a few hours) reach the host brain and will also colonize the nose of infected animals. Therefore, this work paves the way to better knowledge of how C. neoformans travels through the host body. Understanding how C. neoformans infects, disseminates and survives within the host is critically required so that we can prevent infections and the disease caused by this deadly fungus.

scholarly journals Intranasal Inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans in Mice Produces Nasal Infection with Rapid Brain Dissemination

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Coelho ◽  
Emma Camacho ◽  
Antonio Salas ◽  
Alexandre Alanio ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen, causing life-threatening pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Brain dissemination of C. neoformans is thought to be a consequence of an active infection in the lung which then extravasates to other sites. Brain invasion results from dissemination via either transport by free yeast cells in the bloodstream or Trojan horse transport within mononuclear phagocytes. We assessed brain dissemination in three mouse models of infection: intravenous, intratracheal, and intranasal models. All three modes of infection resulted in dissemination of C. neoformans to the brain in less than 3 h. Further, C. neoformans was detected in the entirety of the upper respiratory tract and the ear canals of mice. In recent years, intranasal infection has become a popular mechanism to induce pulmonary infection because it avoids surgery, but our findings show that instillation of C. neoformans produces cryptococcal nasal infection. These findings imply that immunological studies using intranasal infection should assume that the initial sites of infection of infection are brain, lung, and upper respiratory tract, including the nasal airways. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans causes an estimated 181, 000 deaths each year, mostly associated with untreated HIV/AIDS. C. neoformans has a ubiquitous worldwide distribution. Humans become infected from exposure to environmental sources, after which the fungus lays dormant within the human body. Upon AIDS-induced immunosuppression or therapy-induced immunosuppression (required for organ transplant recipients or those suffering from autoimmune disorders), cryptococcal disease reactivates and causes life-threatening meningitis and pneumonia. This study showed that upon contact with the host, C. neoformans can quickly (a few hours) reach the host brain and also colonizes the nose of infected animals. Therefore, this work paves the way to better knowledge of how C. neoformans travels through the host body. Understanding how C. neoformans infects, disseminates, and survives within the host is critically required so that we can prevent infections and the disease caused by this deadly fungus.

scholarly journals Challenges in the delivery of critical care in India during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 175114372095259
Author(s):  
Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan ◽  
Sheila Nainan Myatra ◽  
Meghena Mathew ◽  
Nirmalyo Lodh ◽  
Jigeeshu Vasishtha Divatia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Coronavirus disease 2019 cases in India continue to increase and are expected to peak over the next few weeks. Based on some projection models, India is expected to have more than 10 million cases by September 2020. The spectrum of disease can vary from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure requiring intensive care. Even if less than 5% of patients require critical care services, this will still rapidly overwhelm the healthcare system in a country, where intensive care services and resources are scarce and unevenly distributed. In this perspective article, we highlight the critical care preparedness of India for the pandemic and the associated challenges.

scholarly journals Two Different Life-Threatening Cases: Presenting with Torticollis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gülsüm Alkan ◽  
Melike Emiroğlu ◽  
Ayşe Kartal
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cervical Muscles ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Spinal Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Acquired torticollis can be the result of several different pathological mechanisms. It is generally related to trauma, tumors, and inflammatory processes of the cervical muscles, nerves, and vertebral synovia. Although upper respiratory tract and neck inflammation are common causes of acute febrile torticollis in children, diseases with as yet undefined relationships may also result in torticollis. This is the case of spinal arachnoid cyst and pneumonia.

Primary Tuberculosis of pharynx-diagnostic difficulties, complications and treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Tika R. Adhikari ◽  
Rahmat Omar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Airway Compromise ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Primary Tuberculosis ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Emergency Tracheostomy ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Primary tuberculosis of the upper respiratory tract is extremely rare and poses a diagnostic challenge. Due to delay in diagnosis the disease may progress to life threatening airway compromise. Here we report a case of chronic granulomatous infection of the upper respiratory tract involving the oropharynx. Initial biopsy revealed acute on chronic inflammation with no epitheloid granuloma and no acid fast bacilli was found on Ziehl-Nielsen staining of the biopsy. As a result of delay in diagnosis the disease progressed to involve the soft palate, valopharyngeal isthmus, and supraglottis compromising the airway and needed emergency tracheostomy. Where there is strong clinical suspicion repeat biopsy should be performed. The life threatening complication of pharyngeal tuberculosis such as stenosis and adhesion leading to airway compromise can occur during the course of treatment and should be closely monitored . It can be managed effectively with radiofrequency uvulopalatoplasty as demonstrated in the case report.

scholarly journals Dimorphism and Dissemination of Histoplasma capsulatum in the Upper Respiratory Tract after Intranasal Infection of Bats and Mice with Mycelial Propagules

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 716-723
Author(s):  
Roberto O. Suárez-Álvarez ◽  
Jorge H. Sahaza ◽  
Miriam Berzunza-Cruz ◽  
Ingeborg Becker ◽  
Everardo Curiel-Quesada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

scholarly journals Laser surgical treatment options for diseases of the upper respiratory tract in horses – An overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Ohnesorge ◽  
Anna Rötting
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Minimal Invasive ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory

AbstractDiseases of the upper respiratory tract in horses can be life-threatening, or more frequently, limit the ability of the equine athlete to perform. Traditional surgical approaches are often invasive and are limited due to anatomic considerations. This article summarizes minimal invasive surgical techniques and in particular, laser surgical techniques useful for treatment of common diseases of the upper respiratory tract in horses.

scholarly journals Contribution of Pili of S. Pneumoniae in the Onset of Meningitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
I. Jiménez-Munguía ◽  
L. Pulzová ◽  
K. Bhide ◽  
Ľ. Čomor ◽  
E. Káňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Streptococcal Infections ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Host Epithelium

Abstract Bacterial meningitis is a devastating worldwide disease. Half of the survivors of meningitis remain with permanent neurological sequelae. The pathogenesis of meningitis is based on a complex host-pathogen interaction. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a life-threatening neuroinvasive pathogen that asymptomatically colonizes the upper respiratory tract. Adherence of pneumococci to the host epithelium is a prerequisite in the onset of streptococcal infections; such adherence is favored by the formation of bacterial pili. In this article, we will describe the pneumococcal pili and its contribution to the onset of meningitis.

scholarly journals Enigma of Respiratory Carriage of Kingella kingae and Neisseria meningitides in Young Jordanian Children

10.3823/860 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malak A Khanfar ◽  
Emman Badran ◽  
Basma Marrar ◽  
Ekatherina Charvalos ◽  
Asem A Shehabi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Kingella Kingae ◽  
Neisseria Species ◽  
Neisseria Meningitides ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Background: Kingella kingae and Neisseria meningitides are gram-negative bacteria, causing several life-threatening diseases and considered as opportunistic pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of healthy carriers. The detection of these both bacteria species is difficult in routine culture methods. Objective: This study aimed to find the occurrence rate of K. kingae and N. meningitides colonizing upper respiratory tract of young Jordanian children, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. Methods: A total of 300 samples of throat and nasal swabs were collected from out- patients Jordanian children aged between 6 months and 5 years, who were admitted to Pediatrics' clinics department at the Jordan University Hospital and Al-Bashir Hospital over the period October 2018 through January 2019.  Samples were cultured for detection  K. kingae and Neisseria species including specially N. meningitides.    Their suspected growth was identified and tested using microbiology culture methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Additionally, DNA was extracted directly from one 100 samples and was investigated only for K. kingae using real- time PCR assay.                                                                                              Results: This study showed the absence of K. kingae in all cultured samples, while Neisseriaspecies was detected in 21 (7 %)including one N. meningitides isolate(0.3%). The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated presence of few percentage of Neisseria species isolates resistant 100 % to clindamycin, oxacillin and vancomycin, whereas all were susceptible for chloramphenicol (100%)levofloxacin and gentamycin , and less to ampicillin(90.6%) and erytromycin ( 85.7%), respectively. Conclusion: This study shows the absence of K. kingae and the rare occurrence of N. meningitides colonizing the upper respiratory tract of young Jordanian children over the 4-month period of study.  

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