scholarly journals Growth-inhibiting activity of citronella essential oil to multiple fungal plant pathogens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Angelo O. Balendres ◽  
Fe M. Dela Cueva
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

AbstractCymbopogon species are among the most reported essential oils with fungitoxic effect. In this study, mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum (banana wilt), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (mango anthracnose), C. falcatum (sugarcane red rot) and Neopestalotiopsis spp. (mango leaf spot) as influenced by varying concentrations of citronella essential oil (CEO) was assessed in in vitro assays. Following growth inhibition test, spore germination and germ tube elongation of C. gloeosporioides were then examined. Mycelial growth of all test fungal pathogens was strongly inhibited by CEO, but variations were observed among fungal species. This growth inhibition activity was caused by the inhibition of spore germination and germ tube elongation as observed in C. gloeosporioides. The findings of this study show the strong growth-inhibitory activity of CEO to multiple fungal pathogens, indicating CEO’s potential as a chemical control approach against these fungal pathogens. Glasshouse and field experiments would establish CEO as one potential alternative to fungicides.

scholarly journals Antifungal effect of essential oil and different extracts obtained from Nepeta meyeri on Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Sinem Karakuş ◽  
Ökkeş Atici ◽  
Cafer Köse ◽  
Deniz Tiryaki
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

The study concerns the antifungal effect of the aqueous and methanolic extracts, and the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Nepeta meyeri Benth. on Botrytis cinerea Pers. The fungus has been isolated from the infected plants of common grape Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivating in vineyards in Üzümlü district, Erzincan (Turkey), and was cultured on potato dextrose agar medium in Petri dishes after the identification by 18S rRNA gene-based PCR assay. The concentrations of extracts from N. meyeri in Petri dishes were 2%, 5% and 10% (w/v) for aqueous extract (AE); 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm (v/v) for methanolic extract (ME), and 0.6, 0.8 and 1 µL for essential oil (EO). After the treatments, mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation were determined. Sterile distilled water at the same ratios was used for the control treatment. Thirty-six different compounds were identified in the EO of N. meyeri by GC/MS. The highest antifungal activity has been registered for EO of N. meyeri. The inhibition rates in 1 µL/Petri of the EO were 80.72%, 18%, 38.15% on mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation, respectively. However, AE and ME of N. meyeri showed diverse effects on the studied parameters of B. cinerea. It is suggested that the favourable concentration of EO from N. meyeri can contribute to the prevention of B. cinerea infection (grey mould) which causes disease in vineyards.

scholarly journals Antifungal Efficacy of Plant Oils Containing Thymol and Carvacrol in Controlling Botrytis cinerea, the Causal Agent of Grape (Vitis vinifera) GrayMould

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Zaker M ◽  
Zaker L
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Horticultural Products ◽  
Antifungal Efficacy ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

The efficacy of a large number of plant extracts and essential oils in controlling plant diseases has been proven worldwide. Botrytis cinerea has attacked a wide host range causing severe loss in the field and at storage. In this study the antifungal efficacy of essential oils of three medicinal plants namely wild marjoram (Zataria multifolia), wild savory (perennial) (Satureja mutica) and savory (annual) (Satureja hortensis) possessing these compounds at three concentrations: 50, 100 and 200 ppm were evaluated in controlling the mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea. All treatments except savory (annual) essential oil at 50 ppm showed significant differences with the control in inhibiting the mycelial growth as well as spore germination and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea (p=0.01). It was also noted that wild marjoram at 100 ppm and wild savory (perennial) essential oils at 200 ppm could completely (100%) inhibit the growth of the fungus. Essential oils from wild marjoram and wild savory had higher antifungal activity than annual savory. Their suitable formulations could be prepared and used as safe alternatives for controlling moulds of horticultural products during storage. The Agriculturists 2018; 16(2) 15-24

scholarly journals Effect of Legume Extracts on Germination, Seedling Health of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Soil Microorganisms

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Oliver Otieno Okumu ◽  
James Wanjohi Muthomi ◽  
John Ojiem ◽  
Rama Narla ◽  
John Huria Nderitu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Germ Tube Length ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

Application of undecomposed green manure has been reported to cause poor emergence and establishment of common beans in the field. Therefore, to understand the mechanisms’ contributing to the poor crop establishment, the effect of extracts from fresh and decomposed legume green manures on bean seed germination, fungal mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation were evaluated. The extracts were prepared in either ethanol or distilled water. Data was collected on percentage seed germination, seedling length, mycelial radial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation. Ethanol extracts from fresh lablab inhibited bean germination by 56%, increased mean germination time to 8 days, and decreased germination index while ethanol extracts of groundnut and beans caused highest inhibition in bean shoot length and reduced biomass. Ethanol extracts from fresh green manures significantly inhibited fungal mycelial growth while the aqueous extracts from beans, groundnuts and soybean had significant level of antifungal activity while aqueous lablab extracts stimulated mycelial. Aqueous extract of lablab and soybean enhanced spore germination by over 70% with more pronounced effect on germ tube length and number of germ tubes by 8.0% and 13% respectively. The study comparatively reveals that the extract of lablab was inhibitory to common bean germination compared to other legume extracts and also stimulated the growth of root rot pathogens that may have resulted in poor establishment of beans.

scholarly journals Effects of Water Stress on Botryosphaeria Blight of Pistachio Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 745-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Ma ◽  
David P. Morgan ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation ◽  
Pistachio Trees

The effects of water potential (Ψ) on spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea, and development of Botryosphaeria blight of pistachio caused by this fungus were studied in the laboratory and greenhouse. In laboratory tests, spore germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of B. dothidea increased as Ψ decreased from 0 to -2.0 MPa and declined as Ψ decreased below -2.0 MPa. Water stress (Ψ < -0.260 MPa) increased the severity of Botryosphaeria blight on young detached pistachio leaves. In greenhouse inoculation experiments, drought-stressed 2-year-old pistachio trees (leaf Ψ < -0.635 MPa) developed more severe Botryosphaeria blight disease than the nonstressed trees (Ψ > -0.485 MPa) in both 1999 and 2000 experiments. In a similar experiment using 1-year-old potted pistachio trees in 2000, withholding water treatments did not cause enough drought stress in pistachio leaves (Ψ > -0.584 MPa) and did not result in higher disease than the nonstressed trees (Ψ = -0.466 MPa). The correlation coefficient between Ψ and disease index for 1999 experiments was 0.954, and for 2000 experiments I and II was 0.981 and 0.939, respectively. These results indicate that drought stress can be a major predisposing factor of pistachio to infection by B. dothidea. Results from this study can be used to better understand the disease outbreaks in California pistachio orchards and to develop integrated management strategies by adjusting irrigation.

scholarly journals GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AgNPs) USING HELVELLA LEUCOPUS PERS. AND THEIR ANTIMYCOTIC ACTIVITY AGAINST FUNGI CAUSING FUNGAL ROT OF APPLE

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
MEHRAJUD DIN TALIE ◽  
ABDUL HAMID WANI ◽  
NUSRAT AHMAD ◽  
MOHD YAQUB BHAT ◽  
JOHN MOHD WAR
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimycotic Activity

Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green approach using Helvella leucopus and to evaluate the antimycotic activity of synthesized AgNPs against fungi causing fungal rot of apple. Methods: During the present study for green synthesis of AgNPs using H. leucopus, equal volumes of both mushroom extract (100 ml) and silver nitrate solution (100 ml) were mixed and incubated at room temperature for the bioreduction process. These synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, these synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their antimycotic activity by spore germination method and agar well diffusion assay against different tested fungi. Results: The results revealed that strong plasmon absorbance band was observed at 420 nm which confirms the synthesis of AgNPs using H. leucopus. The synthesized AgNPs were spherical in aggregated form with size ranging from 80 to 100 nm. Furthermore, different concentrations of synthesized AgNPs caused significant inhibition in spore germination and reduction in zone of inhibition of tested fungal pathogens. The highest inhibition in spore germination by AgNPs at highest concentrations was observed against Penicillium chrysogenum followed by Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata, respectively. Similarly, the synthesized AgNPs at highest concentrations showed maximum zone of inhibition against P. chrysogenum followed by A. niger and A. alternata, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that synthesized AgNPs have good potential to be used as antifungal agents against many fungal plant pathogens. The synthesized AgNPs using mushroom fungi also have potential for the development of nanofungicides against fungal pathogens but after proper investigation.

scholarly journals In vitro sensitivity of Corynespora cassiicola isolated from soybean to fungicides and field chemical control of target spot

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Teramoto ◽  
Maurício Conrado Meyer ◽  
Nelson Dias Suassuna ◽  
Marcos Gomes da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Target Spot

ABSTRACT Soybean target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) has become an important disease in most soybean growing regions in Brazil. The sensitivity of 34 isolates of C. cassiicola to 11 fungicides was evaluated based on mycelial growth inhibition (boscalid, carbendazim, cyproconazole, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl) or spore germination inhibition (azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin). In addition, the efficacy of five fungicides to control target spot was tested in four field trials carried out during three crop seasons: 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Fungal isolates were collected from soybean plants in several soybean growing areas in Brazil. The effective concentration of each fungicide to inhibit fungal growth or spore germination by 50% (EC50) was calculated for all isolates. Fluxapyroxad and prothioconazole provided the greatest mycelial growth inhibition and pyraclostrobin led to the lowest spore germination percentage, with the lowest EC50 values. At field experiments, cyproconazole and carbendazim showed target spot control ranging from 26% to 29%. On the other hand, fluxapyroxad and prothioconazole prevented an epidemic of the disease by 45% to 55%, respectively. In general, the efficacy of fungicides in the field reflected the in vitro sensitivity averages. Large sensitivity reduction was detected to benzimidazoles (MBC), indicating that this group of fungicides should no longer be used for target spot control. There was a negative and significant correlation (-0.265) between target spot severity and soybean yield. The pathogen showed variability in sensitivity to the fungicide groups carboxamides (SDHI), triazoles (DMI) and strobilurins (QoI), which denotes a high risk of selection for resistance.

scholarly journals The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. JALLI ◽  
P. LAITINEN ◽  
S. LATVALA
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
First Time

Fungal plant pathogens causing cereal diseases in Finland have been studied by a literature survey, and a field survey of cereal leaf spot diseases conducted in 2009. Fifty-seven cereal fungal diseases have been identified in Finland. The first available references on different cereal fungal pathogens were published in 1868 and the most recent reports are on the emergence of Ramularia collo-cygni and Fusarium langsethiae in 2001. The incidence of cereal leaf spot diseases has increased during the last 40 years. Based on the field survey done in 2009 in Finland, Pyrenophora teres was present in 86%, Cochliobolus sativus in 90% and Rhynchosporium secalis in 52% of the investigated barley fields. Mycosphaerella graminicola was identified for the first time in Finnish spring wheat fields, being present in 6% of the studied fields. Stagonospora nodorum was present in 98% and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 94% of spring wheat fields. Oat fields had the fewest fungal diseases. Pyrenophora chaetomioides was present in 63% and Cochliobolus sativus in 25% of the oat fields studied.;

scholarly journals Saprophytic microorganisms with potential for biological control of Botrytis cinerea on Geraldton waxflower flowers

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Beasley ◽  
D. C. Joyce ◽  
L. M. Coates ◽  
A. H. Wearing
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Flower Abscission ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

Saprophytic bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi were isolated from Geraldton waxflower flowers and screened to identify potential antagonism towards Botrytis cinerea. Isolates from other sources (e.g. avocado) were also tested. Isolates were initially screened in vitro for inhibition of B. cinerea conidial germination, germ tube elongation and mycelial growth. The most antagonistic bacteria, yeasts and fungi were selected for further testing on detached waxflower flowers. Conidia of the pathogen were mixed with conidia or cells of the selected antagonists, co-inoculated onto waxflower flowers, and the flowers were sealed in glass jars and incubated at 20˚C. The number of days required for the pathogen to cause flower abscission was determined. The most antagonistic bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas sp. 677, significantly reduced conidial germination and retarded germ tube elongation of B. cinerea. None of the yeast or fungal isolates tested was found to significantly reduce conidial germination or retard germ tube elongation, but several significantly inhibited growth of B. cinerea. Fusarium sp., Epicoccum sp. and Trichoderma spp. were the most antagonistic of these isolates. Of the isolates tested on waxflower, Pseudomonas sp. 677 was highly antagonistic towards B. cinerea and delayed waxflower abscission by about 3 days. Trichoderma harzianum also significantly delayed flower abscission. However, as with most of the fungal antagonists used, inoculation of waxflower flowers with this isolate resulted in unsightly mycelial growth.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Hillary Righini ◽  
Ornella Francioso ◽  
Michele Di Foggia ◽  
Antera Martel Quintana ◽  
Roberta Roberti
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Ft Raman

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospiraplatensis and Hydropuntiacornea against Botrytiscinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.

Localization and Visualization of Specific Gene Products in Fungal Plant Pathogens

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 680-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Bourett ◽  
K. J. Czymmek ◽  
T. M. Dezwaan ◽  
J. A. Sweigard ◽  
R. J. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogenesis

Specific gene products of both pathogens and hosts have been implicated as decisive elements during plant pathogenesis. While expression of some of these genes is constitutive, that of others is likely ephemeral and activated only during a particular stage of the interaction. Because the relative timing of expression may be critical, transcription and translation have often been addressed by extracting mRNA and proteins from infected plant tissue. This approach, however, cannot readily detect proteins of low abundance in bulk samples nor offer much useful information on cell-cell interaction. Only a cytological analysis that employs microscopy can resolve the temporal and spatial details of gene expression. Typically, such protein localization studies have required specific antibodies, but these large probe molecules do not diffuse into living or conventionally fixed cells of either fungal pathogens or plant hosts. For TEM analysis, these permeability-imposed limitations have been reduced by thin sectioning to render accessible antibody binding sites.

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