Physiological potential and health of peanut seed treated with ozone

Peanut seed can be infected by pathogen diseases that adversely affect the oil crop’s value chain. Ozone gas (O3) can be an alternative for the control of fungal diseases due to its high oxidizing potential. In this study, we investigated the effects of O3 exposure time on physiological and health characteristics of seed from three peanut cultivars. Seed from peanut cultivars Granoleico, IAC OL3, and IAC 503 were analyzed for their health (blotter test) and physiological potential (germination, first count, and seedling length) after exposure to O3 for 0, 1, 8, and 16 h. Peanut seed physiological quality and health differed among cultivars. Exposure of seed from peanut cultivars IAC OL3, IAC 503, and Granoleico to O3 at a rate of 600 mg h-1 did not affect the development of normal seedlings as measured by the first count and germination, but seedling length increased, decreased, or was not affected in cultivars Granoleico, IAC 503, and IAC OL3, respectively. Also, O3 did not eradicate fungal infections in peanut seed treated with O3 at a rate of 600 mg h-1 for up to 16 h, but the incidence of the fungus Rhizopus sp. in seed from cultivars IAC OL3, Granoleico, and IAC 503 increased, decreased or was not affected, respectively, after 8 h.

The BIOHERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Pseudomonas SPP (PF-097) To SUPRESS THE ALLELOPATHIC STRESS OF Trianthema portulacastrum LEAF EXTRACT ON Vigna mungo

Vigna mungo L. (black gram) is a summer pulse crop endemic to Central Asia. It is one of Pakistan's top five premium food beans and a highly cost-effective crop. Allelochemicals in Trianthema portulacastrum leaf extract effect and inhibit black gram germination rate, seedling length, fresh and dry biomass of seedling from low to high concentrations. The research revealed that in vitro leaf extract of black pigweed decrease the mash bean leaf germination percentage (34% to 6%), seedling length (10cm to 3cm), fresh biomass of seedling (2.4g to 0.94g), dry biomass (1.2g to 0.47g). Biological tool Pseudomonas (PF- 097) act as bioherbicide and as plant growth promoter agent (PGPR) to decrease the Trianthema portulacastrum allelopathic stress and to enhance the growth of black gram. The Pseudomonas (PF-097) PGPR addition in vitro experiment increased mash bean leaf germination (8-42%), seedling length (12-54%), and fresh biomass of seedling (8-17%) and dry biomass of seedling (0.47g-1.2g). In vivo experimental study revealed that whole plant material of black pigweed significantly suppress the shoot length (46cm to 18cm), shoot fresh biomass (2.6g to 0.66g) and shoot dry biomass (1.31g to 0.33g) and Pseudomonas (PF-097) PGPR incorporation in vivo experminet significantly increased the shoot length (4% to 12%), shoot fresh biomass (18% to 35%), shoot dry biomass (17% to 35%). Physiological activity of Catalase and peroxidase considerably increased in negative treatments amended with only T. portulacastrum and decreased in positive treatments by using biological agent Pseudomonas spp (PF- 097). By the amendment of Pseudomonas (PF- 097) protein content of mash bean seedling was significantly increased in positive treatments as compared to negative treatments.

Study on the effect of γ-irradiation (Co-60) on seed germination and agronomic traits in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Mutagenesis is an important technique for creating novel mutants having improved agronomic traits. In this study, LD50 was determined at 807 Gy depending on the germination percentage of tomato seeds irradiated with cobalt-60, using absorbed gray (Gy) dose of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, and 1000 Gy with control. GR30 and GR50 values were 214 and 502 Gy based on the regression formula on seedling length. Though LD50 is important, the dose range between 214(GR30) and 502(GR50) is more functional to get desirable mutation as the survival of the mutants is more important than germination. The variation was observed in all of the agronomical traits among the treatments. Most of the morphological traits were found better at 250 Gy in comparison with the control and the value decreased sharply at higher doses followed. The highest weight of single fruit was 145.33 g recorded at 250 Gy while the lowest was 70.67 g noted at 500 Gy. The highest fruit yield per plant was 1270 gm obtained at 250 Gy and the lowest was 800 gm found at 500 Gy. Shelf life was found better (34 days) at the 250 Gy dose level and the lowest was 6 days got in the control treatments.

Effect of Seed Priming with Micro-Nutrients, Botanicals on Seedling Characteristics of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Var. Paiyur 2

The experiment was conducted in Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) during kharif season 2019-2021, so as to standardize the acceptable seed treatments for sorghum (Paiyur-2).Different seed priming treatments were taken into the study viz., were evaluated T1 – Zinc Sulphate @ 0.5% up to 3hours, T2 – Zinc Sulfate@1% at 4 hours, T3 – Zinc [email protected]% at 6 hours, T4 – Thiourea @ 0.5% at 3 hours, T5 – Thiourea @ 1% at 4 hours, T6 – Thiourea @ 1.5% at 6 hours, T7 – KNO3@ 0.5% at 3 hours, T8 – KNO3 @ 1% at 4 hours, T9 – KNO3 @ 1.5% at 6 hours, T10 – Moringa Leaf extract @ 3% at 8 hours, T11 – Neem leaf extract @ 3% at 8 hours, T12 – Thiourea @0.5% with Zinc Sulphate(ZnSo4) @ 0.5% at 6 hours. During this study it had been found that maximum germination percent, seedling length and vigour attributes was observed when seed treated with T10- Moringa leaf extract @ 3% followed by T9 – KNO3 @ 1.5% and minimum observed in Control (Untreated seed). Seed treatment with Moringa leaf extract @ 3% enhances germination on seedling characters and it is a simple method and no requirement for expensive equipment and chemical might be used for overcoming challenges associated with a poor germination and seedling establishment.

Study of Foliar Application of Nutritional Solution and Seaweeds Extract on Growth of Limes (Citrus Aurantifolia)

This study was conducted in a certified citrus production nursery in Karbala province, Al-Hindiya district for the season 2020, on seedlings of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) rootstock at the age of 6 months, Where it was sprayed with the nutrient solution Biumin 221 at concentrations (0, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g.L-1) and Basfoliar Kelp seaweed extracts with concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5) ml.L-1. The results showed that spraying the seedlings with single and combined study treatments led to a significant increase in the average seedling length, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area and dry weight of the vegetative and root system, where the treatment (2.5 g. L-1 nutrient solution + 4.5 ml.L-1 seaweed extracts)was excelled and gave the highest average of most traits. Where the interaction treatment between the concentration (2.5 g.L-1 for the nutrient solution with a concentration of 3 ml. L-1 of seaweed extracts) excelled on the dry weight of the vegetative total compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest values.

Effect of Walnut Extract on Germination Characteristics of Several Species of Weeds

Some plants can prevent seed germination and growth in other plants by producing toxic allelochemicals materials. this study aimed was to effect of walnut extract on germination characteristics of several species of weeds. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on a completely random design with three replications. The treatments of the experiment were two walnut cultivars, four species of weeds) Soutani, Rajal, Khardel and Zivan) and four levels of walnut extract (0, 10, 20 and 30 percent). Results showed that there was a significant difference among walnut extract concentration, weed species, and interaction between them for all studied traits (P< 0.01). In present study with increase the concentration of walnut extract from zero to 30%, in all four types of weeds the germination rate, germination percentage, root, stem and seedling length, and seed vigor index were significantly reduced. Also in the treatment of 30%, walnut extract species of Khardel showed the highest, and Shoufan, Rajal, and Zivan showed the lowest germination rat, germination percentage, root, stem, and seedling length, and seed vigor index.

Differences in the Seed Germination of Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) Ecotypes Reveal Distinct Strategies for Coping With Salinity Stress: A Common Garden Experiment

Soil salinity is important abiotic stress affecting various ecosystems worldwide such as grassland. Distinct ecotypes often evolve within species by natural selection to facilitate adaptation to different types of environmental stress. Leymus chinensis is a perennial rhizomatous grass that is widely distributed in the eastern Eurasian steppe; it has two main ecotypes, namely, yellow-green (YG) and gray-green (GG), which differ in their strategy for coping with salinity stress. Few studies have examined the seed germination of the two ecotypes under salinity stress. In this study, the seed germination and seedling growth of two ecotypes of L. chinensis in response to different levels of salinity (NaCl) stress [0 (control), 20, 50, 100, and 200 mM] were examined. Then, ungerminated seeds were placed under normal conditions to evaluate seedling growth following exposure to salt stress (i.e., regermination). The germination percentage was significantly higher, and the mean germination time was significantly shorter in the GG ecotype than in the YG ecotype at all NaCl concentrations. As the salinity level increased, the radicle length of the two ecotypes decreased; however, GG had longer radicles and a higher number of radicles, even at 200 mM NaCl when no radicle protruding from the seed coat was detected in YG. The shoot length of GG was significantly longer than that of YG at all NaCl levels. After salinity stress was removed, the seed germination percentage increased as the original concentration of NaCl applied increased, but the total germination percentage did not significantly differ among NaCl concentrations. The total seed germination percentage of GG was approximately 80%, whereas that of the YG was approximately 20%. The seedling length of regerminated seeds for both GG and YG was similar. The thousand-grain weight of GG was significantly higher than that of YG. GG was more salt-tolerant than YG and might be better capable of surviving in harsher environments, suggesting that GG might be particularly useful for saline grassland restoration.

Effect of Seed Priming Treatments with Panchagavya, Jeevamrutha, Beejamrutha and Leaf Extracts, Sodium Molybdate on Seed Quality Parameters of Field Pea (Pisum sativum)

The present research study was conducted at the Seed testing laboratory of Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh in 2020-2021. The research study revealedthat effect of seed priming treatments with Panchagavya, Jeevamrutha, Beejamrutha and leaf extracts, Sodium molybdate on seed quality parameters of field pea was analyzed through Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Organic treatments are designated as Panchagavya 3% and 5%, Jeevamrutha 3% and 5%, Beejamrutha 5% are used as treatment 8Hrs respectively, botanical treatments are Tulasi leaf extract 6%, Lantana camara leaf extract for 6% are used as treatment for duration of 4 hours respectivelyin which the treatment T8- Sodium molybdate (3%) for 3 Hrs exhibited higher mean value for seed germination (76.75%), root length (6.49 cm), shoot length (7.84 cm), seedling length (14.33 cm), seed vigour index -I (1099.68) and Followed by value was exhibited by T6-Tulasi Leaf Extract (6%) with respect of Root length (6.79 cm)Seedling dry weight (1.725 g), Seed Vigour Index II (129.78), T0 (control) with respect of Germination percentage (71.75%) root length (6.30 cm), shoot length (6.60 cm) and seedling length (12.90 cm), seed vigour index I &II (925.60 & 98.13).

Screening of Mungbean Accessions Under Salinity Stress

Experiments were conducted to identify suitable agro-morphological indicators of salinity tolerance and to classify fifty mungbean accessions into different salt tolerant groups by screening under different NaCl solution in pot culture in green house condition for two growing seasons. Results reveled that the early growth phase of mungbean is highly affected due to salinity and the interrelationship between salinity and accessions was also statistically significant for yield parameters under different levels of salinity stress. Salt tolerant accessions were less affected at high salinity and could be produced better total dry matter as compared to others. On the basis of relative total dry matter (RTDM%), accessions were categorized as highly tolerant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible. G4 was found to be the best tolerant line after considering both the seasons and all the tested parameters. Correlation study suggested that germination was least affected while seedling length, pod and seed yield severely fractured due to salinity. These desirable parameters may take part in future breeding programme as salinity indicators and also by getting introduced into the susceptible lines, whereas, the tolerant accessions can be introduced as tolerant checks. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 475-482, 2021 (September)