Can the two Asian giants reach a political settlement?

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Positive Direction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
China And India ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
High Level ◽  
Political Settlement

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of the Sino-Indian conflict and to evaluate recent changes as reflected in the high level meetings between President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It explores the evolving relationship in terms of three types of bargaining: elusive, tacit and convergent. Design/methodology/approach – By adopting a historical approach one gets a better sense of the evolving pattern of relations between China and India and the circumstances in which the evolution is occurring. Findings – China-India relations are similar to a journey where the progress is measured in terms of small steps rather than a final peace settlement. Relations have changed slowly towards a positive direction in economic relations, and there is a pattern of stability in border talks but the issue is complicated by the linkages between the Tibet question and border issues. Research limitations/implications – This topic requires considerable research because it is important for the future of Asian international relations and it is under-researched. Perhaps there could be an edited volume which brings together researchers from different backgrounds and expertise. The suggested work must be empirical but with a theoretical framework related to different types of bargaining cultures and experiences in Asia. Originality/value – As China and India evolve in their diplomatic practices and thinking, as Asian powers are readjusting their policies in the light of new circumstances, there are insights for policy analysts and practitioners in China and India among other Asian countries.

Translation and contact languages

Babel ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-555
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Rottet
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Motion Events ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Good Exemplar ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Celtic Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005; Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point – the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.

On data-driven systems and system-driven data

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Van Daele ◽  
Leen Meganck ◽  
Sophie Mortier
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Inventory System ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Driven Systems ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Purpose – Over the past 20 years, heritage inventories in Flanders (Belgium) have evolved from printed books to digital inventories. The purpose of this paper is to look at this evolution and highlight the interaction between the system and its users. Design/methodology/approach – After a short introduction about the history of inventories in Flanders, this paper mainly concerns itself with the last decade. Discrete topics will be highlighted to show the effects of the interaction that has taken place. Findings – It is obvious that a system that publishes a digital inventory needs to adapt to the user requirements. But, after years of working with a digital inventory system, it has become apparent that not only has the system been developed to the users’ needs, but also that user practice and the resulting data have been shaped by the system. Seeing data projected on a common basemap has led researchers to realise how intertwined and interdependent different types of heritage can be and how much their respective methodologies can benefit from more interaction. It has become apparent that data quality is of the utmost importance, something that can only be guaranteed by data entry standards, validation tools, and a strict editing workflow. The systems that are being developed are not expected to live on forever, but the data in them is. Originality/value – This paper presents real-life use cases and practical applications of building and maintaining a large digital inventory system over the years and through changes in organisational structure and focus. It provides insights that are hard to ascertain from smaller projects due to the volumes of data that are handled.

scholarly journals Efficiency of credit unions in Brazil: an analysis of the evolution in financial intermediation and banking service

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-308
Author(s):  
Manuela Gonçalves Barros ◽  
Marcelo Botelho da Costa Moraes ◽  
Alexandre Pereira Salgado Junior ◽  
Marco Antonio Alves de Souza Junior
Keyword(s):  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Banking Service ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency in financial intermediation and the cost efficiency in banking service of credit unions in Brazil, based on essentially accounting variables, and to analyze the temporal evolution of the efficiency of these cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach With a sample of 315 cooperatives over the period from 2007 to 2014, this research uses a two-stage process: application of regression models with panel data to verify which variables are related to the defined outputs, with the reduction of 31 variables to 8 variables in both models; and application of the data envelopment analysis method to obtain an analysis of credit unions’ efficiency. Findings The results demonstrate a high level of efficiency in financial intermediation, with low variation over time, associated with a low efficiency in the banking service, in which few cooperatives have remained efficient over time. In addition, the cooperatives with highest efficiency in financial intermediation were also the most efficient in providing services. Research limitations/implications This research has some limitations about the capacity of the proxies used to capture the real effect of the variables and assumptions of economic relations resulting in restrictions to generalize the results. Practical implications Cooperatives are usually analyzed under just one dimension. By separating the analysis into financial intermediation and banking services, cooperatives that are more efficient in each dimension can be identified, in addition to analyzing the evolution over time. The authors found that efficiency tends to be lower in banking services, and few cooperatives remain at the highest level of efficiency over time in both models. Social implications Credit unions provide an important service in the banking and credit market. Therefore, understanding its operation and the characteristics that influence its efficiency allows a better management of the cooperatives themselves and a greater understanding of this important segment of the financial market.

Does well-being differ across customer value cocreation practice styles? An empirical study in a chronic health context

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tram-Anh Ngoc Pham ◽  
Jillian Carol Sweeney ◽  
Geoffrey Norman Soutar
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Value Cocreation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Drawing on an extensive range of activities across different types, including mandatory (customer), mandatory (customer or organisation), voluntary in-role and voluntary extra-role activities, this study aims to identify different health-care customer value cocreation practice styles based on the combinations of value cocreation activities they undertake and empirically examine how customers adopting different styles differ in terms of well-being and satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted across health customers with a variety of chronic conditions. Data were collected from three focus groups and an online survey. Findings Five customer practice styles, namely, the highly active, other-oriented, provider-oriented, self-oriented and passive compliant customers, were revealed. While a moderate to a high level of activities is often recommended as it is associated with higher levels of physical, psychological, existential and social well-being and customer satisfaction, the results also suggest there is no single ideal style as different styles may be associated with the same level of outcomes. Research limitations/implications As customers cocreate value differently, it is crucial to understand the underlying heterogeneity and its implications to outcomes. Practical implications Highly active and provider-oriented are the two styles that should be particularly encouraged because of their association with positive outcomes. Personalised strategies need to be developed and resources need to be put in place to build productive relationships amongst service providers, customers and peers and to increase the perceived value of such interactions so as to shift customers towards more active styles. Originality/value The study advances the understanding of customer value cocreation and its link to well-being by empirically deriving five distinct practice styles and demonstrating how they differ across meaningful well-being and satisfaction dimensions.

Does more accessibility lead to more disclosure? Exploring the influence of information accessibility on self-disclosure in online social networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 754-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Ron Chi-Wai Kwok ◽  
Paul Benjamin Lowry ◽  
Zhiying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Information Accessibility ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Information ◽  
High Level ◽  
Privacy Risks

Purpose Given the importance of online social network (OSN) media features, many studies have focused on how different types of OSNs with various media features influence users’ usage and engagement. However, a recent literature review indicates that few empirical studies have considered how different types of OSNs with different information accessibility levels influence users’ beliefs and self-disclosure. By comparing two OSN platforms (OSNs with high-level information accessibility vs OSNs with low-level information accessibility), the purpose of this paper is to address this opportunity by investigating the differential impacts of the two platforms on individuals’ psychological cognition – particularly users’ social exchange beliefs – and explaining how these beliefs translate into OSN self-disclosure. Design/methodology/approach This study used a factorial design approach in an experimental setting to examine how different levels of information accessibility (high vs low), influence the social exchange beliefs (i.e. perceived social capital bridging, perceived social capital bonding and perceived privacy risks) of OSN users and subsequently influence OSN self-disclosure. Findings The results show that users on OSNs with high-level information accessibility express significantly higher perceived social capital bridging and perceived privacy risks than users on OSNs with low-level information accessibility. However, users on OSNs with low-level information accessibility express higher social bonding beliefs than users on OSNs with high-level information accessibility, indicating that there are different effect mechanisms toward OSN self-disclosure. Originality/value The focus of this research helps unveil the complex relationships between OSN design features (e.g. information accessibility), psychological cognition (e.g. social capital bridging, social capital bonding and privacy risks) and OSN self-disclosure. First, it clarifies the relationship between information accessibility and self-disclosure by examining the mediating effect of three core social exchange beliefs. Second, it uncovers the distinct effects of high-level information-accessible OSNs and low-level information-accessible OSNs on OSN self-disclosure.

scholarly journals Changes in Intrinsic Antibiotic Susceptibility during a Long-Term Evolution Experiment withEscherichia coli

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Otmane Lamrabet ◽  
Mikaël Martin ◽  
Richard E. Lenski ◽  
Dominique Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

ABSTRACTHigh-level resistance often evolves when populations of bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, by either mutations or horizontally acquired genes. There is also variation in the intrinsic resistance levels of different bacterial strains and species that is not associated with any known history of exposure. In many cases, evolved resistance is costly to the bacteria, such that resistant types have lower fitness than their progenitors in the absence of antibiotics. Some longer-term studies have shown that bacteria often evolve compensatory changes that overcome these tradeoffs, but even those studies have typically lasted only a few hundred generations. In this study, we examine changes in the susceptibilities of 12 populations ofEscherichia colito 15 antibiotics after 2,000 and 50,000 generations without exposure to any antibiotic. On average, the evolved bacteria were more susceptible to most antibiotics than was their ancestor. The bacteria at 50,000 generations tended to be even more susceptible than after 2,000 generations, although most of the change occurred during the first 2,000 generations. Despite the general trend toward increased susceptibility, we saw diverse outcomes with different antibiotics. For streptomycin, which was the only drug to which the ancestral strain was highly resistant, none of the evolved lines showed any increased susceptibility. The independently evolved lineages often exhibited correlated responses to the antibiotics, with correlations usually corresponding to their modes of action. On balance, our study shows that bacteria with low levels of intrinsic resistance often evolve to become even more susceptible to antibiotics in the absence of corresponding selection.IMPORTANCEResistance to antibiotics often evolves when bacteria encounter antibiotics. However, bacterial strains and species without any known exposure to these drugs also vary in their intrinsic susceptibility. In many cases, evolved resistance has been shown to be costly to the bacteria, such that resistant types have reduced competitiveness relative to their sensitive progenitors in the absence of antibiotics. In this study, we examined changes in the susceptibilities of 12 populations ofEscherichia colito 15 antibiotics after 2,000 and 50,000 generations without exposure to any drug. The evolved bacteria tended to become more susceptible to most antibiotics, with most of the change occurring during the first 2,000 generations, when the bacteria were undergoing rapid adaptation to their experimental conditions. On balance, our findings indicate that bacteria with low levels of intrinsic resistance can, in the absence of relevant selection, become even more susceptible to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Address by Shahid Malik High Commissioner of Pakistan in India

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
Shahid Malik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Relations ◽  
Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Economic Linkages

President PHD Chamber, Mr Sanjay Bhatia, Distinguished Members of the Chamber, Ladies and Gentlemen. It gives me immense pleasure to be amongst you once again, after nearly a decade. Having served on an assignment in Delhi in the past, the PHD Chamber and many of your senior members present here today are well known to me. Given the geographical contiguity of this area with Pakistan and a history of economic linkages, the interest of the Chamber in seeking mutually beneficial economic relations with Pakistan is well known and understandable. Only last month, a delegation headed by Mr Bhatia, with past PHD Presidents as its members, undertook a tour of EXPO-2007 to Karachi. As on various occasions in the past, the Chamber also hosted a high level delegation from the Islamabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry recently. Such contacts are useful and need to be encouraged.

Indigenous knowledge of mud architecture: experiences of surviving against multiple natural hazards

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imon Chowdhooree ◽  
Kanu Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Purpose Mud architecture as one of the expressions of vernacular architecture illustrates the success of indigenous knowledge of traditional communities. Due to the pressure of industrialization, urbanization and globalization, the trend of using non-traditional measures guided by the Western-Euro-centric knowledge and technologies considers the traditional practices as expressions of backward past, under-development and poverty. Though mud as a building material is usually assumed as a fragile and ephemeral material that cannot survive against natural hazards, the surviving traditional mud buildings are needed to be investigated to know their performances during and after different types of natural hazard incidents. Design/methodology/approach This paper intends to study the available cases of mud architecture of Chattogram, Bangladesh to trace the history of their survival despite of experiencing multiple natural hazards and to understand their status and prospect of resisting hazards. Three individual homesteads are chosen as cases for conducting physical survey as well as engaging inhabitants and local masons of the locality in semi-structured interviews in a story telling mode to know the construction process and histories of experiencing natural hazards. Available literatures are reviewed, and experts are interviewed to understand the causes of their performances and possible ways to improve the quality. Findings Collected information on mud architecture demonstrates their quality of surviving against many natural challenges and this hazard-resilient quality can be enhanced through using contemporary building technologies and materials, promising to co-exist with the global trend. Originality/value This study as an attempt to reinvent the vernacular architectural heritage endorses the need of appreciating indigenous knowledge for enhancing community resilience against natural hazards.

Taming the Unknown

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Katz ◽  
Karen Hunger Parshall
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Mathematics Majors ◽  
Classical Greece ◽  
China And India ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Modern Form

What is algebra? For some, it is an abstract language of x's and y's. For mathematics majors and professional mathematicians, it is a world of axiomatically defined constructs like groups, rings, and fields. This book considers how these two seemingly different types of algebra evolved and how they relate. The book explores the history of algebra, from its roots in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, China, and India, through its development in the medieval Islamic world and medieval and early modern Europe, to its modern form in the early twentieth century. Defining algebra originally as a collection of techniques for determining unknowns, the book traces the development of these techniques from geometric beginnings in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and classical Greece. It shows how similar problems were tackled in Alexandrian Greece, in China, and in India, then looks at how medieval Islamic scholars shifted to an algorithmic stage, which was further developed by medieval and early modern European mathematicians. With the introduction of a flexible and operative symbolism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, algebra entered into a dynamic period characterized by the analytic geometry that could evaluate curves represented by equations in two variables, thereby solving problems in the physics of motion. This new symbolism freed mathematicians to study equations of degrees higher than two and three, ultimately leading to the present abstract era. The book follows algebra's remarkable growth through different epochs around the globe.

Does subsidized MPCI crowds out traditional market-based hail insurance in the Netherlands?

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel van Asseldonk ◽  
Harold van der Meulen ◽  
Ruud van der Meer ◽  
Huib Silvis ◽  
Petra Berkhout
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine which factors influence the choice to adopt subsidized multi-peril crop insurance (MPCI) in the Netherlands and whether prior hail insurance uptake is one of the determinants of MPCI adoption. In addition, it is analyzed whether subsidized MPCI has reduced disaster relief spending. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional survey with 512 respondents using a stratified design comprising MPCI adopters and non-adopters sampled from the Dutch national census data base. The national census, including information on subsidized MPCI adoption from 2010 up to and including 2015, was supplemented with information on (prior) traditional market-based hail insurance uptake, and other underlying determining factors were elicited. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors influence the choice to adopt MPCI. Findings Analysis of MPCI adoption reveals that subsidized MPCI mainly substituted for market-based hail insurance uptake up to now. Growers who did not insure against hail in the past were hardly reached. Approximately, three-quarter of MPCI adopters insured hail prior to market introduction of MPCI. In the arable sector, MPCI adoption was 2.89 (p<0.01) more likely for prior hail insurance adopters compared to non-adopters, while it was 9.67 (p<0.01) more likely in the fruit sector. Research limitations/implications In the arable sector, it is expected that MPCI uptake in the coming years will reach more prior non-adopters of hail insurance as demand is expected to increase. Prior hail insurance adopters in the arable sector can be seen as the early MPCI adopters. In the fruit sector, adoption rates are already at a relative high level and a further significant increase by targeting non-adopters of hail insurance is not likely. Originality/value Governmental support has crowded out to some extend traditional market-based hail insurance in the Netherlands. Since the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union is creating more momentum to subsidize crop insurance more member states with a long history of a mature hail insurance market may be confronted with similar crowding-out effects.

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