Identifying food fraud vulnerability factors in food fraud incidents – a review of global incidents 2000–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faeze Rezazade ◽  
Jane Summers ◽  
Derek Ong Lai Teik
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Real Data ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
World Health ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Food Fraud ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Food

PurposeGlobal food fraud incidents are regularly reported and are on the rise due to the ineffectiveness of traditional food safety intervention strategies. The increase in food fraud opportunity is prevalent in the state of the COVID-19 pandemic as well. Food fraud vulnerability assessment (FFVA) is acknowledged as a critical requirement by the Global Food Safety Initiatives (GFSIs) and the World Health Organisation for an effective food fraud mitigation plan. However, there is no clear direction or ways to identify and analyse food fraud vulnerability factors based on real-data.Design/methodology/approachCombining the barrier analysis technique and the routine activity theory to review the 580 cases of food fraud recorded in the Decernis database, this paper identified new food fraud vulnerability dimensions and insights pinpointed to three categories of opportunity, motivation and countermeasures.FindingsNew dimensions of food fraud vulnerability factors are identified in this paper over the period 2000–2018. Where possible, new insights related to each food fraud vulnerability factor and dimension were identified, and literature evidence was used to confirm their contribution.Originality/valueThere is a gap observed in the first step of FFVA in the literature. This paper is the first study to undertake a FFVA based on evidence recorded in a global food fraud database. This paper offers critical insights into global food fraud regulations by exploring the new emerging root causes of food fraud and analysing them, supporting developing effective food fraud prevention plans (FFPPs).

Global food safety: determinants are Codex standards and WTO's SPS food safety regulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajneesh Mahajan ◽  
Suresh Garg ◽  
P.B. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Food Safety Regulations ◽  
Global Food

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate perspective in explaining how global food safety can be created through stringent implementation of Codex and World Trade Organization (WTOs) Sanitary and Phytosanitary food safety regulations and suggests the appropriate food safety system for India. Design/methodology/approach – The study has been deployed a survey questionnaire using a sample of Indian Processed food sector. In order to collect data 1,000 supply chain professional were contacted for seeking their consent to be part of the survey. Whereas total responses collected were 252 from Delhi and NCR, with response rate 25.2 percent. The data collected was empirical tested using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression and ANOVA. Findings – The results and discussions indicate that all the global food safety norms laid down by WTO such as goods manufacturing practices, good hygienic practice, hazard analysis critical control point, has been developed to embody principles of safe food processing sector globally. India has also developed their food safety norms as per laid down principles by WTO. Originality/value – The present research work makes an important contribution to the body of literature on global food safety. The paper has important implications for the processed food sector since it tries to bring out practices which would help in successful implementation of global food safety standards. It is useful for academic food research as well as for processed food corporate.

scholarly journals What counts as expertise? The case of glyphosate and Jasanoff’s ‘three-body problem’

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-182
Author(s):  
Caer Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Body Problem ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Three Body Problem ◽  
Expert Advisory ◽  
Three Body

In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organisation published a monograph stating that glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, Monsanto’s leading herbicide, was ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. Shortly after this, the European Food Safety Authority re-assessed glyphosate’s licence for use in the European Union, and deemed it to be safe for human use. Both of these expert advisory bodies faced condemnation and accusations of political bias as a result of these assessments. Employing Jasanoff’s ‘three-body problem’, this article examines the conflicting conclusions of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the European Food Safety Authority, exploring what the contested assessments of glyphosate reveal about the entangled relationship between scientific expertise and law-making.

scholarly journals Training school teachers in Malawi about substance misuse and trauma: the need for a sustainable strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-488
Author(s):  
Nicola Evans ◽  
Rhiannon Lane ◽  
Gemma Stacey-Emile ◽  
Anthony Sefasi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Post Measure ◽  
Health Need

Purpose The World Health Organisation found depression to be the fourth leading cause of disability in Malawi (Bowie, 2006) with the prevalence of mental health need in children and young people in Malawi estimated between 10 and 30% (Kutcher et al., 2019). One option to address this was to provide schoolteachers with skills and knowledge related to mental health so they can better support children. There is generally a lack of evidence of the utility or feasibility of school-based mental health literacy programmes in low to medium income countries (LMIC). This paper aims to report on a project to train schoolteachers in Malawi on aspects of mental health. Design/methodology/approach The aim of this project was to determine the acceptability and feasibility of delivering a training initiative in Malawi to teachers to better enable them to recognise and cope with school children who had been exposed to trauma and substance misuse. Findings Feedback was generated through the use of a specifically designed pre and post measure, focus groups, interviews and observations of the teaching delivery. Practical implications Teachers found the training built on their existing knowledge and they requested further opportunities for training and consultation about how to manage difficult presentations. It was evident that teachers did not know how to access mental health care or support for children whose needs could not be met by schoolteachers alone. Originality/value For a sustainable improvement for children’s mental health care in this context, further training becomes valuable when located as part of a network of joined up health and educational services.

A routine activity perspective on online victimisation

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford W. Reyns
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Victimization ◽  
23Rd Cycle ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Online Forms

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test a comprehensive routine activity framework on three types of online victimization. Prior research has utilized routine activity theory to explain varied online forms of victimization, but most have focused on its person-based forms. The present study, therefore, expands upon this research to examine the effects of online exposure, online target suitability and online guardianship upon phishing, hacking and malware infection victimization. Design/methodology/approach – Secondary data from the 23rd Cycle of the Canadian GSS were used to address the study’s research questions using binary logistic regression analyses. Findings – Particular online behaviors were consistently and positively related to all three types of online victimization, including booking/making reservations, social networking and having one’s information posted online. Other online routines exhibited unique effects on online victimization risk. Originality/value – In support of the theory, the results suggest that online exposure and target suitability increase risks for phishing, hacking and malware victimization. Online guardianship was also positively related to victimization, a finding that runs counter to theoretical expectations.

Perceptions of risk on vacation among visitors to Istanbul

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mine Ozascilar ◽  
Rob I. Mawby ◽  
N. Ziyalar
Keyword(s):  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the perceptions of risk from specific crimes held by tourists at the start of their vacation in the Turkish city of Istanbul.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes findings from Phase 1 of a two-phase research programme, during which 210 arrivals at the Ataturk airport were asked about their perceptions of their safety from crime while in the city and their intentionsvis-à-visthe adoption (or otherwise) of basic safety precautions, using a 32-question self-completion questionnaire.FindingsThe findings confirm those of earlier studies that tourists, unlike citizens in general, tend to have low expectations of their vulnerability to crime. However, variables associated with fear in conventional surveys were not generally related to the perceptions of risk. The clearest association was between prior knowledge of crime in Istanbul and perceptions of risk. The lack of any strong relationship between perceptions of risk and intent to adopt safety precautions is then discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to visitors to one city and to English-speaking tourists.Practical implicationsThe implication here is that if tourist centres wish to reduce crime it is not sufficient to focus on “educating” tourists on the dangers, but that more emphasis should be placed on crime prevention methods that put the onus on the host environment.Social implicationsFrom a criminological perspective, two points appear particularly important. First, the relationship between fear (in all its manifestations) and risk is not constant. It may differ in different physical and social contexts. Second, if, following routine activity theory, policy makers wish to focus on changing people’s behaviour in order to maximise their safety, in different contexts different publics may vary in their willingness or resistance to change.Originality/valueThis study is original as it focusses on tourists to a specific destination at the beginning of their holiday.

Crime script for mandate fraud

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-781
Author(s):  
Michael Donegan
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Crime Commission ◽  
Crime Scripts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Crime Script

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse research surrounding mandate fraud and to devise a crime script identifying the crime commission process. It is hoped this will assist in standardising investigation of mandate fraud by law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach The design of this paper follows on from the approach taken by van Hardeveld et al. (2017) in identifying a cybercrime script for carding activity. The current environment surrounding the investigation of digital fraud in the UK is examined through a review of the existing literature. Analysis of the crime commission process for mandate fraud is then outlined in a potential crime script identifying possible intervention points for law enforcement. Findings UK law enforcement’s current response to digital fraud is struggling to provide positive outcomes for victims. There is inconsistency in the investigative approach and practical issues surrounding how the digital fraud problem is tackled. Changing the emphasis of digital fraud investigation to focus on the money laundering networks based in the UK also needs to be considered. Standardising investigation into digital fraud by mapping out digital criminality using crime scripts and routine activity theory could be beneficial for law enforcement. The results of this process could also assist in effectively identifying where law enforcement resources may be best deployed to solve some of the practical issues highlighted. Originality/value There is little literature directly focused on a crime script for mandate fraud. This is despite it being a significant contributor to fraud losses in the UK. For law enforcement, both digital and financial investigation skill sets are required to investigate such offences. Therefore, mapping the crime commission process has significant value for clearly identifying investigative intervention points.

Global lessons from Ebola crisis may be ignored

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Local Health ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
National Governments

Subject Lessons from the Ebola crisis. Significance The Ebola epidemic in West Africa caught national governments and international organisations off-guard. As the epidemic begins to abate in the affected countries, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has begun an internal process to learn lessons for future global health emergencies. However, many of the required responses were well-known before the Ebola outbreak but ignored. Shifting entrenched political attitudes will be a challenge. Impacts Popular distrust of local health services continues to mar comprehensive detection of Ebola infections in affected countries. Re-building local health services will be distorted if the Ebola crisis dominates planning over long-term health priorities. However, donors tend to prefer orientation towards disease-specific programmes and interventions over strengthening health systems.

Telehealth use will suffer global divergence for years

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Personal Health Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Virtual Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Collaboration ◽  
The World ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Subject Telehealth outlook. Significance The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines telehealth as involving the use of telecommunications and virtual technology to deliver healthcare outside of traditional facilities. Telehealth is becoming a critical tool for addressing health inequalities but how it is accessed varies widely between developed and developing countries. Impacts Rural parts of developing countries will lag the most on telehealth due to infrastructure gaps. Greater cross-industry collaboration is needed on privacy safeguards for personal health information. Developing-country health systems will face pressure to develop accreditation and regulatory bodies specifically for telehealth.

Videogaming will rise rapidly as an engine of growth

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Streaming ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Condition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Media Ecosystem ◽  
The Media

Subject Videogaming growth. Significance The videogames industry is becoming an increasingly important engine of economic growth while also reflecting important changes in how people work. China is becoming the dominant producer and consumer. Impacts Regulation and intervention will keep encouraging the gaming sector to cluster in certain locations to benefit from economies of scale. Associated activities including live-streaming and e-sports competitions will become increasingly important in the media ecosystem. The World Health Organisation classifies ‘gaming disorder’ as a mental health condition; cases and research into the condition will grow. Three-quarters of gamers surveyed by McAfee worry about cybersecurity; the ‘Fortnite’ game has facilitated thousands of online scams. Childhood gamers develop skills that make them good candidates for cybersecurity work, potentially offsetting an upcoming talent shortage.

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