A routine activity perspective on online victimisation

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford W. Reyns
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Victimization ◽  
23Rd Cycle ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Online Forms

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test a comprehensive routine activity framework on three types of online victimization. Prior research has utilized routine activity theory to explain varied online forms of victimization, but most have focused on its person-based forms. The present study, therefore, expands upon this research to examine the effects of online exposure, online target suitability and online guardianship upon phishing, hacking and malware infection victimization. Design/methodology/approach – Secondary data from the 23rd Cycle of the Canadian GSS were used to address the study’s research questions using binary logistic regression analyses. Findings – Particular online behaviors were consistently and positively related to all three types of online victimization, including booking/making reservations, social networking and having one’s information posted online. Other online routines exhibited unique effects on online victimization risk. Originality/value – In support of the theory, the results suggest that online exposure and target suitability increase risks for phishing, hacking and malware victimization. Online guardianship was also positively related to victimization, a finding that runs counter to theoretical expectations.

Crime Victimization among Injection Drug Users

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen McElrath ◽  
Dale D. Chitwood ◽  
Mary Comerford
Keyword(s):  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Lifestyle Activities

This study uses routine activity theory to examine violent and property crime victimization among a sample of 308 injection drug users (IDUs). We estimate prevalence rates and identify factors that contribute to the victimization of IDUs. The findings suggest that victimization rates of IDUs were much higher than rates found for the general urban population. Generally, crime involvement did not contribute significantly to victimization risk. Use of crack-cocaine increased the likelihood of property crime victimization whereas heroin use decreased the probability of both violent and property crime victimization. Other drug lifestyle activities (i.e., waiting in uncomfortable situations to buy drugs) also affected victimization risk Finally, the results suggest that victimization differed by age and by gender, despite controls for drug use and drug lifestyle activities. Explanations for these results are offered.

Cyberstalking Victimization: An Empirical Assessment of RAT Among Female Iranian College Students

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052097582
Author(s):  
Saeed Kabiri ◽  
Jaeyong Choi ◽  
Seyyedeh Masoomeh (Shamila) Shadmanfaat ◽  
Julak Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Online Victimization ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Iranian Students

The role of routine activity theory (RAT) as a guiding theoretical approach to understand online victimization has been well documented. However, the recent emphasis in criminology on its applicability to online victimization has largely been based on evidence from Anglo-American studies. This study fills this gap by testing the predictive utility of RAT for cyberstalking victimization, using data from a sample of female Iranian students. Our structural equation model showed that online exposure to motivated offenders, target suitability, and ineffective online guardianship were positively and significantly associated with cyberstalking victimization. Our results provide strong support for RAT, indicating its generalizability to a different sociopolitical context.

Crisis, sectoral and geographical factors: financial dynamics of Italian cooperatives

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriana Fusco ◽  
Guido Migliaccio
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leverage Ratio ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Business Sectors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the financial structure of Italian cooperatives in the period before and during the crisis (2004-2013), in relation to two discriminating factors. At this end, it focuses on two research questions: What financial dynamics the Italian cooperatives have involved before, during and after the 2008 crisis, that is, in the decade 2004/2013? Are there statistically differences between business sectors and geographic area? Design/methodology/approach Secondary data on AIDA database have been used. The financial structure is assessed using two ratios: the financial leverage ratio and quick ratio. The final sample consists of 1,446 cooperatives. The trend and exploratory analysis, analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test have been used. Findings The financial structure of cooperatives has not been substantially affected by the crisis in any geographic area and business sector, by virtue of resilience of their business model. Moreover, these two factors produce statistically significant differences in the financial structure of cooperatives. Research limitations/implications The study takes into account only the cooperatives that survived the crisis, so, presumably, the strongest. Moreover, another and more ratios should be considered at the end to have a more complete view on the financial dynamics. Originality/value The literature on resilience of cooperatives is still not very rich. Moreover, this work analyses and integrates aspects and approaches that are not usually considered together.

Perceptions of risk on vacation among visitors to Istanbul

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mine Ozascilar ◽  
Rob I. Mawby ◽  
N. Ziyalar
Keyword(s):  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the perceptions of risk from specific crimes held by tourists at the start of their vacation in the Turkish city of Istanbul.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes findings from Phase 1 of a two-phase research programme, during which 210 arrivals at the Ataturk airport were asked about their perceptions of their safety from crime while in the city and their intentionsvis-à-visthe adoption (or otherwise) of basic safety precautions, using a 32-question self-completion questionnaire.FindingsThe findings confirm those of earlier studies that tourists, unlike citizens in general, tend to have low expectations of their vulnerability to crime. However, variables associated with fear in conventional surveys were not generally related to the perceptions of risk. The clearest association was between prior knowledge of crime in Istanbul and perceptions of risk. The lack of any strong relationship between perceptions of risk and intent to adopt safety precautions is then discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited to visitors to one city and to English-speaking tourists.Practical implicationsThe implication here is that if tourist centres wish to reduce crime it is not sufficient to focus on “educating” tourists on the dangers, but that more emphasis should be placed on crime prevention methods that put the onus on the host environment.Social implicationsFrom a criminological perspective, two points appear particularly important. First, the relationship between fear (in all its manifestations) and risk is not constant. It may differ in different physical and social contexts. Second, if, following routine activity theory, policy makers wish to focus on changing people’s behaviour in order to maximise their safety, in different contexts different publics may vary in their willingness or resistance to change.Originality/valueThis study is original as it focusses on tourists to a specific destination at the beginning of their holiday.

Crime script for mandate fraud

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-781
Author(s):  
Michael Donegan
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Crime Commission ◽  
Crime Scripts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Crime Script

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse research surrounding mandate fraud and to devise a crime script identifying the crime commission process. It is hoped this will assist in standardising investigation of mandate fraud by law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach The design of this paper follows on from the approach taken by van Hardeveld et al. (2017) in identifying a cybercrime script for carding activity. The current environment surrounding the investigation of digital fraud in the UK is examined through a review of the existing literature. Analysis of the crime commission process for mandate fraud is then outlined in a potential crime script identifying possible intervention points for law enforcement. Findings UK law enforcement’s current response to digital fraud is struggling to provide positive outcomes for victims. There is inconsistency in the investigative approach and practical issues surrounding how the digital fraud problem is tackled. Changing the emphasis of digital fraud investigation to focus on the money laundering networks based in the UK also needs to be considered. Standardising investigation into digital fraud by mapping out digital criminality using crime scripts and routine activity theory could be beneficial for law enforcement. The results of this process could also assist in effectively identifying where law enforcement resources may be best deployed to solve some of the practical issues highlighted. Originality/value There is little literature directly focused on a crime script for mandate fraud. This is despite it being a significant contributor to fraud losses in the UK. For law enforcement, both digital and financial investigation skill sets are required to investigate such offences. Therefore, mapping the crime commission process has significant value for clearly identifying investigative intervention points.

Targets of Online Hate: Examining Determinants of Victimization Among Young Finnish Facebook Users

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Räsänen ◽  
James Hawdon ◽  
Emma Holkeri ◽  
Teo Keipi ◽  
Matti Näsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young People ◽  
Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Online Victimization ◽  
Harmful Content

Drawing from routine activity theory (RAT), this article seeks to determine the crucial factors contributing to youth victimization through online hate. Although numerous studies have supported RAT in an online context, research focusing on users of particular forms of social media is lacking. Using a sample of 15- to 18-year-old Finnish Facebook users (n = 723), we examine whether the risk of online hate victimization is more likely when youth themselves produced online hate material, visited online sites containing potentially harmful content, and deliberately sought out online hate material. In addition, we examine whether the risk of victimization is higher if respondents are worried about online victimization and had been personally victimized offline. The discussion highlights the accumulation of online and offline victimization, the ambiguity of the roles of victims and perpetrators, and the artificiality of the division between the online and offline environments among young people.

A tale of two triangles: comparing the Fraud Triangle with criminology’s Crime Triangle

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Mui ◽  
Jennifer Mailley
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fraud Triangle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Accounting Practitioners ◽  
Fraud Risk Management

Purpose – This paper aims to propose the application of the Crime Triangle of Routine Activity Theory to fraud events as a complement to the universally accepted Fraud Triangle. Design/methodology/approach – The application of the Crime Triangle is illustrated using scenarios of asset misappropriations by type of perpetrator: external perpetrator, employee, management and the board and its governing bodies. Findings – The Crime Triangle complements the Fraud Triangle’s perpetrator-centric focus by examining the environment where fraud occurs and the relevant parties that play their role in preventing fraud or not playing their role, and thus, allowing the occurrence of fraud. Applying both triangles to a fraud event provides a comprehensive view of the fraud event. Research limitations/implications – The scenarios are limited to asset misappropriations with one perpetrator. Future research can apply both triangles to different types of fraud and cases where perpetrators collude to commit fraud. Practical implications – This paper maps the Crime Triangle to the Fraud Triangle to provide forensic accounting practitioners and researchers with a comprehensive perspective of a fraud event. This comprehensive perspective of fraud is the starting point to designing fraud risk management strategies that address both the perpetrator and the environment where the fraud event occurs. Originality/value – This paper is the first to propose the application of the established Crime Triangle environmental criminology theory as a complement to the Fraud Triangle to obtain a comprehensive perspective of a fraud event.

Non-performance of financial contracts in agricultural lending

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basri Savitha ◽  
Naveen Kumar K.
Keyword(s):  
Default Risk ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Loan Defaults

Purpose Evaluating a portfolio of agricultural loans has become an important issue in recent years primarily due to a large number of loan defaults. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing credit repayment behavior of farmers in Karnataka. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on secondary data of 590 farmers collected from a private bank in the state of Karnataka, India. Binary logistic regression and multinomial regression analysis was carried out to estimate the probability of non-payment of a loan. Findings The results of the regression confirm a significant relationship between non-repayment of agricultural credit and characteristics of borrowers such as the age, years of banking relationship, yield of the crop, distance to bank branch, size and tenure of the loan, farm size and leverage and efficiency ratio. Practical implications The factors predicted by the model do certainly help in improving the decision-making process in agricultural lending. A rigorous assessment of family responsibilities, farm size, credit-to-asset ratio, interest burden on the farmers and farm income is suggested to reduce the probability of doubtful assets. Originality/value The studies that predict default risk in agricultural loan are limited in India. This is one of the few studies that estimate the determinants of substandard and doubtful categories of credit in a private sector bank.

scholarly journals Comparing the lifestyles of victims: A routine activity theory assessment of repeat victimization in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Zavin Nazaretian ◽  
Chivon Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Activity Theory ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Repeat Victimization ◽  
Routine Activity

This paper simultaneously explores the relationship between social status, routine activity theory, and repeat victimization. This study compares the effects of lifestyle with key social status variables like gender, race, and sexuality, on varying degrees of victimization to answer the question: do routine activities or social status predict repeat victimization? This research is a secondary data analysis using two waves of the Canadian Victimization Survey from 2004 and 2009. Both a logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression are used to analyze the possible causes of repeat victimization. Overall, social status is influenced by lifestyle when predicting victimization; however, key social status variables predict high levels of victimization such as identifying as gay or lesbian or being an Aboriginal Canadian. The most powerful indicator of victimization was if a victim had been previously arrested themselves. The results of this study suggest that, while lifestyle is a strong predictor of victimization, minority groups are still at risk of being victimized at higher levels.

scholarly journals A Study of The Best Selling Smartphone in The Two Biggest Marketplace in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfian Budi Primanto ◽  
M Khoirul ABS ◽  
Afi Rahmat Slamet
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Seller Reputation ◽  
Online Business ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Digital Landscape

<p>The number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia has increased significantly in the past decade. Many entrepreneurs expand their business into digital by using marketplace platform. Although, there are a lot of entrepreneur use digital landscape to scale up their business, many online business ended in failure. This research aims to answer the following questions; what is the success factor of smartphone campaign in the Indonesia marketplace platform? Is there any difference success factor between each marketplace platform? The researcher uses secondary data, simple random sampling, and binary logistic regression modeling for the purpose to answer research questions. Interestingly, this research shows that there are no relationship between seller reputation and sales acquirement. Also, there is no difference behaviour between each marketplace platform. Therefore, to be succeed in marketplace competition, each seller should pay attention to their price competitiveness while at the same time find the best option to increases their number of store page views.    </p>

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