Was it worth it? An empirical analysis of over-education among PhD recipients in Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Doctoral Graduates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Econometric Analyses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical examination of factors associated with over-education among PhD graduates in Italy. Design/methodology/approach – The investigation is based on recently released data collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics by means of interviews with a large sample of PhD recipients, carried out a few years after they obtained their PhD degree. The author measured the mismatch between the current job and previous PhD studies using two direct subjective evaluations of over-education, which distinguish between the usefulness of the PhD title to get the current job position and to perform the current work activities. Even if the incidence of over-education varies according to the measurement applied, the author found that it is highly widespread among PhD recipients. The econometric analyses are aimed at identifying factors associated with over-education and are based on the standard probit model and the bivariate probit model with sample selection which allows to control for self selection into employment. Findings – The results show that over-education is significantly correlated with: first, a number of PhD-related variables, such as the scientific field of study, having attended courses or visiting periods abroad; second, some job-related characteristics, such as working in the academia or being mainly involved in research-related activities; third, the channel of access to the job; and fourth, residential location. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature focusing on job-education mismatch by providing, to the best of the author’s knowledge, the first empirical analysis of over-education among PhD recipients in Italy; moreover, it provides some useful insights to evaluate the professional doctoral graduates in Italy.

State legitimacy and tax compliance among small and medium scale enterprises: a case study of Dodowa district, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Gyamfi Ababio ◽  
Arthur Gnonsio Mangueye
Keyword(s):  
Sample Selection ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sizable Proportion

Purpose Improving tax compliance would drive the needed development in Ghana. Small and medium scale enterprises (SME) constitute a sizable proportion of the Ghanaian economy but its contribution to tax revenue is below expectation. This study aims to determine whether SME's perception of state legitimacy affects tax compliance. Design/methodology/approach A structured questionnaire was administered to 200 SMEs randomly drawn from Dodowa in the Shai-Osudoku District of Greater Accra Region. Descriptive statistics and the Probit model with sample selection were used to analyse the data. Findings The study found that SME's perception of government legitimacy exerts a significant negative effect on reducing profit to avoid tax liability (ß = −0.0305, p < 0.05). Other factors such as education and fear of fines and penalties were also found to reduce the likelihood that the firm would reduce profit to avoid high tax liability. Still, tax knowledge had a positive effect on this behaviour. Practical implications This study would help deepen policymakers' knowledge of how to improve tax compliance among SMEs in Ghana. Originality/value The originality of this work is that it explicitly models the role of fiscal exchange theory in explaining tax compliance among SMEs in Ghana by using robust methodology.

scholarly journals Analyzing Determining Factors of Young Graduates’ Decision to Stay in Lagged Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngjin Woo ◽  
Euijune Kim
Keyword(s):  
College Graduates ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Spatial Choice ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Home Village ◽  
Decision To Stay

This study identifies what factors have effects on college graduates’ decisions to stay for jobs in lagged regions using a bivariate probit model with sample selection. The results show that strong preferences for a home village and a university region contribute to the decision about job location concerning the regions. In addition, low living costs have much significant impact on spatial choice compared with economic factors, such as the levels of wage and job security. The long-term economic growth of lagged regions could be affected by a preference of high-school graduates to attend local universities.

Did the Arab Spring lead to economic, institutional and sociopolitical changes? An empirical analysis through the perceptions of Egyptian youth

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fakih ◽  
Pascal L. Ghazalian
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Youth Survey ◽  
Bivariate Ordered Probit ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

PurposeEgyptian youth played a central role in the Arab Spring (AS) uprisings, demanding bread, justice and opportunities. This paper examines the perceptions of young Egyptians about the AS through their responses on the economic, institutional and sociopolitical conditions in the pre-AS and post-AS periods.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis relies on a micro-level dataset extracted from the SAHWA Youth Survey. The estimations are carried out through the bivariate ordered probit model.FindingsThe results reveal that the perceptions about the AS-related outcomes are not uniform, and that social values and ideological characteristics matter more than the standard socioeconomic attributes in comprehending the responses. They indicate that individuals with secularist, non-traditionalist and gender equality inclinations have generally formed more favorable perceptions about the AS-related changes. Also, the results suggest that the AS has generated propitious perceived conditions for further global connection, relative to the Arab and Islamic ties. They show that the perceptions of individuals who place credence in entrepreneurial attitude have been relatively unfavorable vis-à-vis the post-AS conditions.Originality/valueThe findings underscore the importance of comprehending the perceptions about the AS-related outcomes. They imply that the AS has produced “winners” and “losers,” and has laid down the basis for social transformations in Egypt.

Who participates in free business training? The case of Vietnamese SMEs

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Business Training ◽  
Group Participation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Training Programmes

Effective government programmes should be taken up by their potential beneficiaries. This study investigates the factors associated with the decision of Vietnamese small business owners to participate in free business training programmes. Based on the original survey data, I find that most business owners were unaware of the importance of learning business, and thus, did not take up the training offer. The regression analysis, using bivariate probit model, shows that the risk-taking owners and owners with their relatives also invited to the same training were more likely to participate in the training. These findings suggest that providing ex-ante information about the usefulness of the training and allowing group participation can encourage training participation.

Motives behind remittances

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-791
Author(s):  
Navita Pal ◽  
Rama Pal
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Migrant Families ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Method ◽  
Part Model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate whether the motives behind sending remittances differ for the migrants from single- and multi-migrant families in India. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the second round of India Human Development Survey conducted in the year 2012 to analyse migrant’s motives using the two-part model and the sample selection model (SSM). Here, the probit model is used to model whether the migrant sends the remittances and then the amount of remittances is modelled using the ordinary least squares method. The SSM assumes that these two decisions are interdependent. This migrant-level study is the first to segregate single- and multiple-migrant settings and compare them for the existence of altruism or inheritance motives. Findings The findings indicate altruism as the main motive behind remittances for the single migrants in India. On the other hand, presence of inheritance motive is evident along with altruism in the multi-migrant setting. Research limitations/implications The analysis is restricted due to limited availability of information on migrant as the data are collected from the migrant’s family at origin. Originality/value This is the first study to use a unique nationally representative survey which enables it to point out differences in the motives behind remittances for the single-migrant and multi-migrant settings in India.

Employment and skill mismatch among youth in Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1438-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghassan Dibeh ◽  
Ali Fakih ◽  
Walid Marrouch
Keyword(s):  
Probit Model ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Skill Mismatch ◽  
School To Work Transition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
Mismatch Problem ◽  
Work Transition

PurposeEmployment and skill mismatch among youth constitute a major obstacle for access to the job market in the Middle East and North African region. The purpose of this paper is to explore factors explaining employment and the perception of the skill-mismatch problem among the youth in Lebanon using a novel data set covering young people aged from 15 to 29. The paper provides a set of empirical insights that help in the design of public policy targeting school-to-work transition.Design/methodology/approachThe authors control for a rich set of youth and household characteristics to jointly estimate the probability of being employed and the likelihood of reporting a skill-mismatch problem. The empirical analysis uses a bivariate probit model where the first equation estimates the employment status while the second estimates the determinants of skill-mismatch perceptions. The bivariate probit model considers the error terms in both equations to be correlated and the model tests for such a correlation. The authors estimate the model recursively by controlling for the employment dummy variable in the skill-mismatch equation since employed youth could be more or less likely to perceive the skill mismatch. The estimation is conducted first over the whole sample of youth, and then it is implemented by gender and region.FindingsThe authors find that youth employment is mainly correlated with age, being male, being single, having received vocational training and financial support from parents, living with parents and receiving current education. The skill-mismatch perceptions are mainly driven by being male, being single, having received post-secondary education and belonging to upper and middle social classes. The authors also find that employability level and skill-mismatch problems are jointly determined in the labor market for males and in the core region only.Originality/valueThe paper covers a country that is neglected in the literature on the employment-skill mismatch nexus in the context of school-to-work transition. The study also uses a novel data set focusing on youth. The paper contributes to our understanding of the school-to-work transition in particular and to the youth-to-adulthood transition in general.

The role of personal loans in the financing of SMEs

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahi Briozzo ◽  
Hernán Vigier
Keyword(s):  
Financial Aid ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financing Decisions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of the use of personal loans in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach Personal loans are addressed as a function of the borrower and collateral. To empirically test the hypothesis of this study, a probit model was applied to a group of companies in Bahia Blanca, Argentina, with a previous analysis of the possible effects of sample selection. Findings Older companies, firms with lower expected growth rates, younger owners, those who seek to create value or growth, and owners who perceive low emotional costs associated with bankruptcy, are less likely to use personal loans to finance their operations. Research limitations/implications This study is limited by the availability of data on SMEs in Argentina. Social implications The results highlight the importance of financial aid programmes that focus on SME scarce availability of collateral. Originality/value This study makes three principal contributions: first, it investigates the phenomenon of personal loan utilisation in SMEs; second, it analyses financing decisions from both the supply and demand perspectives; and third, it presents a database that includes variables that have not been previously studied in Argentina or other emerging economies.

Job satisfaction: how crucial is participative decision making?

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Pacheco ◽  
Don Webber
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the role of perceived ability to participate in decision making in the workplace, with respect to job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – Data from the fourth wave of the European Value Survey, is utilised, and a bivariate probit model is employed to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Findings – Empirical analysis comparing univariate and bivariate probit models reveals that the results from the former are negatively biased; potentially indicating that prior research may have underestimated the impact of participative decision making (PDM) on job satisfaction. Additionally, it appears clear that the magnitude of the marginal effects for both socio-demographic and work characteristics do not differ when comparing workers with above and below average participation. More importantly, the authors find a substantial negative marginal effect of below average participation on job satisfaction (close to three times the magnitude of the next largest marginal effect estimated in the model), indicating how crucial it is for employers to actively pursue programmes that enhance PDM. Originality/value – This study contributes to the growing literature aimed at understanding drivers of satisfaction in the workplace. Adding to the scant empirical investigation of the influence of PDM on job satisfaction, the authors find strong evidence of a direct and positive impact, which is further amplified after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity.

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