Capital Structure and Debt Maturity in Nonprofit Organizations

This article examines the capital structure and debt maturity in nonprofit organizations (NPOs). In particular, we analyze whether these financing decisions are made as expected according to the two main theories used to explain the capital structure, that is, the trade-off and pecking order theories. To do so, we study the associations between NPOs’ indebtedness and their size, age, tangibility, liquidity, profitability, risk, and growth. We use fixed effects, probit, and Heckman selection models with unbalanced panel data containing 8,721 charities in the United Kingdom for the period 2011–2018 (60,222 year-obs). Our results show that the financing patterns of NPOs are consistent with the arguments of the pecking order theory. We also find that less than half of our sample uses long-term debt. Moreover, debt maturity is longer in larger NPOs, those with more tangible assets, or those with higher liquidity.

The Extent of the Impact of Taxes on Financing Decisions and Control Processes in those Decisions

The debates sparked by the tax treatment of realized, reinvested, and distributed profits led to various taxation techniques, concluding that, while economic theory claims that any company's goal is to maximize profit, the practical reality shows that some companies only want to make a satisfactory profit and thus pay as little tax as possible, In the context of accounting methods that allow businesses to show results that are more in accordance with their goals than with reality, within specified bounds. Based on a set of eight hypotheses that we will test on a sample of industry enterprises using the research methodology of panel-based models, we will try to argue the importance of managing the tax burden and highlight the tax repercussions on investment decisions, their financing methods, and the value of the company.

The Importance of Capital Investment and Debt Financing in Deriving Shareholders’ Value; A Literature Survey

Shareholders’ value is the most important goal and an integral part of the companies’ strategic decision-making process. When a corporate performs well and creates value for its shareholders, it benefits the whole economy. The past studies concluded that efficient decision making in the areas of capital investments and debt financing can ensure high financial performance and shareholders’ value creation. This paper thoroughly reviews the literature on impact of capital investment and debt financing decisions on shareholders’ value. Capital investment is a very important managerial decision because it increases company's economic profit. However, past studies have found that not every time the capital investment results in increasing the value as it may vary with the level of investment. Moreover, debt financing lowers the free cash flows due to the payment of fixed interest payments, thus lowering shareholders' return and value. Therefore, this paper recommends the need of further research to better understand the effect of capital investment and debt financing decisions on shareholders’ value.

Does Information Asymmetry Influence Hi-tech Entrepreneurial Financing?

Exploring the effective ways of start-up financing is an important and practical issue to technological innovation and economic development. This paper aims to investigate the impacts of information asymmetry on the high-tech start-up financing preference, and whether an entrepreneur’s internationality features moderate the main effects. A sample of 500 high-tech start-ups and new ventures was collected at Shenzhen, China. Regression models are designated for testing both the main effects predicted in research hypotheses and the predicted moderating role of an entrepreneur’s internationality features. Our test results lead to 3 findings: firstly, in the high-tech industries, the information asymmetry mitigated by disclosing intellectual properties can significantly increase the start-up preference for external financing. This finding can be explained by the reduction of agency costs of debts. Secondly, the lessened information asymmetry can shorten the life cycle of start-up financing under the pecking order hypothesis. Lastly, the liability of foreignness is observed to have a significant positive moderating role on the main effects under the investigation. It can be concluded that the information asymmetry and the liability of foreignness are crucial factors influencing start-up financing decisions.This conclusion implies that reducing the information asymmetry by adequately disclosing technological strength and tacit knowledge can benefit the entrepreneurial financing for the high-tech start-ups and new ventures at the early stages, as well as provide an effective shortcut to the start-up financing cycle. Furthermore, the introduction of overseas technologies, funds, knowledge, experiences, and entrepreneurship into the high-tech start-ups does not create the liability of foreignness, and on the contrary, it is an “asset” that can help improve entrepreneurial financing decisions.

Financing Decisions Analysis of E-commerce Supply Chain Finance for Fresh Agricultural Products in China

The supply chain finance (SCF) solutions are becoming increasingly diversified with the continuous perfection of the economic system. However, financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is still a difficult issue waiting to be solved by enterprises and the government in China. SCF solutions based on e-commerce platforms have developed rapidly in China that provide an alternative for SMEs when few studies have been conducted on e-commerce SCF solutions which focus on fresh agricultural products. Therefore, this research focuses on the SCF solutions applicable to e commerce enterprises of fresh agricultural products.

Factors Affecting the Financing of Small and Medium Sized Real Estate Enterprises

Under the role of private capital in financial services, can shadow banking play a positive role in the development of small and medium-sized real estate enterprises. Based on this thinking, this paper puts forward the role of shadow banking in the financing process of small and medium-sized real estate enterprises. Through the analysis and demonstration of AHP model, it quantifies the key factors of small and medium-sized real estate enterprises in the four financing schemes of trust, REITs, financing guarantee and private financial system, and extracts the key factors as the comparison items. The financing suggestions for small and medium-sized real estate enterprises mainly focus on making financing decisions according to the consistency of their own financing objectives and enterprise life cycle, and under the guidance of relevant policies and measures of the State Council and other countries, timely make financing plans based on the principle of low financing cost, so as to realize the sustainable development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

A Suggested Approach to Use a Decision Tree to Rationalize the Decision of Accounting Information Users under the Risk and Uncertainty

The research aims to examine a proposed approach by using the decision tree as a tool in reducing the risk and uncertainty that accompanies business when making an investment decision by users of accounting information. Nevertheless, the research aims to utilize the decision tree in the process of rationalizing investment decisions for investors who rely on the accounting information contained in the financial statements in light of these risks and uncertainties, as well as highlighting the role of the decision tree as a tool that contributes to guidance towards rationalizing economic decisions. Furthermore, a program designed by researchers was used to measure the measurement process based on the (Dury, 2013) model. A random sample of 16 companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange was selected out of 84 for the year 2018, and they were divided into two groups for the purpose of testing the proposed model, and the results that were reached indicate that the model designed on the basis of the decision tree model contributed to reducing the amount of uncertainty, which of course reduces the amount of risks resulting from decisions, and thus the possibility of using the model by users of accounting information in order to make an investment or financing decisions.

A macro-financial theory of corporate financing and forecast modelling of market movements

<p>This thesis identifies a gap in existing theories of corporate finance. This gap is an implication of a Keynesian-Minskian analysis of markets and market-based economies. From a founding theoretical perspective rooted in the view that markets are not reliably efficient the case is developed that past price trend extrapolation is an important factor in corporate financing decisions. At a macro-financial level, companies repurchase equity over periods of strong market rises, while increasing debt at the same time. During periods of sustained, substantial market decline debt is retired and large new equity issues occur. This change in corporate financing is implicitly expensive as relatively low prices are realised for the new stock issued at these times. These factors suggest that conventional theories of corporate financing decisions that rely on corporate rationality and optimisation do not provide a compelling fit with observations in the period 1980-2012. Moreover, inference to Minsky’s (1986) argument that companies are compelled through market declines to shore up their balance sheets provides a better fit with the evidence. These arguments form the basis for the development of the ‘extrapolative expectations’ theory of corporate finance. The second major development in this thesis draws on the theoretical development outlined above to create market movement description and prediction models. These models operate on data drawn from the US Standard & Poors 500 index over the period 1980-2012. Two primary models are developed using binomial logistic regressions. The dichotomous dependent variables are drawn as quarters of market rise (1) or no rise (0), and market falls (1) or no fall (0), respectively for the ‘buy’ model and the ‘sell’ model. Variables tested and those found to add to an explanation of the dependent variables include: corporate debt flows, corporate equity flows, corporate dividend flows, interest rates, market volumes, and historical market levels. Each variable is tested for up to ten lags (two-and-a-half years). Collectively, the variables add to our understanding of those factors influencing (or at the least, signalling) market levels, enabling quarter ahead market forecasts to be made with greater accuracy than arises from an assumption of a random walk. This conclusion crystallises the view that company macro-financial flows and prices are an important cause or signal of future market direction.</p>

A macro-financial theory of corporate financing and forecast modelling of market movements

<p>This thesis identifies a gap in existing theories of corporate finance. This gap is an implication of a Keynesian-Minskian analysis of markets and market-based economies. From a founding theoretical perspective rooted in the view that markets are not reliably efficient the case is developed that past price trend extrapolation is an important factor in corporate financing decisions. At a macro-financial level, companies repurchase equity over periods of strong market rises, while increasing debt at the same time. During periods of sustained, substantial market decline debt is retired and large new equity issues occur. This change in corporate financing is implicitly expensive as relatively low prices are realised for the new stock issued at these times. These factors suggest that conventional theories of corporate financing decisions that rely on corporate rationality and optimisation do not provide a compelling fit with observations in the period 1980-2012. Moreover, inference to Minsky’s (1986) argument that companies are compelled through market declines to shore up their balance sheets provides a better fit with the evidence. These arguments form the basis for the development of the ‘extrapolative expectations’ theory of corporate finance. The second major development in this thesis draws on the theoretical development outlined above to create market movement description and prediction models. These models operate on data drawn from the US Standard & Poors 500 index over the period 1980-2012. Two primary models are developed using binomial logistic regressions. The dichotomous dependent variables are drawn as quarters of market rise (1) or no rise (0), and market falls (1) or no fall (0), respectively for the ‘buy’ model and the ‘sell’ model. Variables tested and those found to add to an explanation of the dependent variables include: corporate debt flows, corporate equity flows, corporate dividend flows, interest rates, market volumes, and historical market levels. Each variable is tested for up to ten lags (two-and-a-half years). Collectively, the variables add to our understanding of those factors influencing (or at the least, signalling) market levels, enabling quarter ahead market forecasts to be made with greater accuracy than arises from an assumption of a random walk. This conclusion crystallises the view that company macro-financial flows and prices are an important cause or signal of future market direction.</p>

Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy and Capital Structure

Instruments of monetary and fiscal policy are beyond the control of the management but they do influence the short-term as well as long-term decision making of the firm. Empirical studies with respect to their effect on financing decisions of the firm are somewhat under researched particularly in the context of developing countries. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of these instruments on the financing decisions of the non-financial firms listed on PSX for the period 2008-2015. Fixed effect model was used to analyse the effect of instruments of monetary policy and fiscal policy on the financing decisions of firms. Based on sample of 338 firms, the findings of the study revealed that instruments of monetary policy and fiscal policy do influence the financing decisions of the firm. M2, tax revenue and government debt has a significant effect on the debt ratio of listed firms whereas real interest rate is insignificantly related. Moreover, the relationship between real interest rate, M2 and tax revenue and debt ratio is negative whereas in case of government debt it is positive.