Logistics system for drinking water distribution in post disaster humanitarian relief, Al-Za’atari camp

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazem Smadi ◽  
Nader Al Theeb ◽  
Haneen Bawa’neh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Post Disaster

Purpose It is essential to provide drinking water to affected population directly after a disaster. The purpose of this paper is to develop an optimization methodology that helps in the distribution of drinking water in post-disaster situations. Design/methodology/approach The research was conducted on two phases: phase 1 aims at identifying an appropriate way to deliver drinking water to refugee camps from external sources, considering required drinking water quantities and four possible sources of water with respect to cost and risk assessments. Phase 2 investigates drinking water distribution within a refugee camp using covering models. The MCLP–optimal number of facilities model is proposed to ensure that the water is distributed and delivered to all individuals in a camp with minimum number of water storage tanks required. A control policy is proposed to ensure the fair distribution of water to all targeted individuals. Findings Al-Za’atari refugee camp, located in northeast of Jordan, was considered as the case study for this research. The result showed that the appropriate way to deliver water to the camp is by using tanker–trucks, and a minimum number of five tanks are required to distribute water to individuals inside the camp with respect to tank locations and the allocation of tank of each area. Originality/value The proposed methodology is essential in decision making for the distribution of drinking water in refugee camps in short-term needs. The model adds important value to the literature as the proposed problem has no solution in the literature before.

scholarly journals Microbial Community Dynamics of an Urban Drinking Water Distribution System Subjected to Phases of Chloramination and Chlorination Treatments

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (22) ◽  
pp. 7856-7865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiachi Hwang ◽  
Fangqiong Ling ◽  
Gary L. Andersen ◽  
Mark W. LeChevallier ◽  
Wen-Tso Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

ABSTRACTWater utilities in parts of the U.S. control microbial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) by alternating postdisinfection methods between chlorination and chloramination. To examine how this strategy influences drinking water microbial communities, an urban DWDS (population ≅ 40,000) with groundwater as the source water was studied for approximately 2 years. Water samples were collected at five locations in the network at different seasons and analyzed for their chemical and physical characteristics and for their microbial community composition and structure by examining the 16S rRNA gene via terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA pyrosequencing technology. Nonmetric multidimension scaling and canonical correspondence analysis of microbial community profiles could explain >57% of the variation. Clustering of samples based on disinfection types (free chlorine versus combined chlorine) and sampling time was observed to correlate to the shifts in microbial communities. Sampling location and water age (<21.2 h) had no apparent effects on the microbial compositions of samples from most time points. Microbial community analysis revealed that among major core populations,Cyanobacteria,Methylobacteriaceae,Sphingomonadaceae, andXanthomonadaceaewere more abundant in chlorinated water, andMethylophilaceae,Methylococcaceae, andPseudomonadaceaewere more abundant in chloraminated water. No correlation was observed with minor populations that were detected frequently (<0.1% of total pyrosequences), which were likely present in source water and survived through the treatment process. Transient microbial populations includingFlavobacteriaceaeandClostridiaceaewere also observed. Overall, reversible shifts in microbial communities were especially pronounced with chloramination, suggesting stronger selection of microbial populations from chloramines than chlorine.

scholarly journals Using Amplicon Sequencing To Characterize and Monitor Bacterial Diversity in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6463-6473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. A. Shaw ◽  
Paul Monis ◽  
Laura S. Weyrich ◽  
Emma Sawade ◽  
Mary Drikas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

ABSTRACTDrinking water assessments use a variety of microbial, physical, and chemical indicators to evaluate water treatment efficiency and product water quality. However, these indicators do not allow the complex biological communities, which can adversely impact the performance of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), to be characterized. Entire bacterial communities can be studied quickly and inexpensively using targeted metagenomic amplicon sequencing. Here, amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region was performed alongside traditional water quality measures to assess the health, quality, and efficiency of two distinct, full-scale DWDSs: (i) a linear DWDS supplied with unfiltered water subjected to basic disinfection before distribution and (ii) a complex, branching DWDS treated by a four-stage water treatment plant (WTP) prior to disinfection and distribution. In both DWDSs bacterial communities differed significantly after disinfection, demonstrating the effectiveness of both treatment regimes. However, bacterial repopulation occurred further along in the DWDSs, and some end-user samples were more similar to the source water than to the postdisinfection water. Three sample locations appeared to be nitrified, displaying elevated nitrate levels and decreased ammonia levels, and nitrifying bacterial species, such asNitrospira, were detected.Burkholderialeswere abundant in samples containing large amounts of monochloramine, indicating resistance to disinfection. Genera known to contain pathogenic and fecal-associated species were also identified in several locations. From this study, we conclude that metagenomic amplicon sequencing is an informative method to support current compliance-based methods and can be used to reveal bacterial community interactions with the chemical and physical properties of DWDSs.

Assessment of Lisbon drinking water distribution network biofilm colonization and associated hazards

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
J. Menaia ◽  
M. Benoliel ◽  
A. Lopes ◽  
C. Neto ◽  
E. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
And Storage

Concerns arise from the possible occurrence of pathogens in drinking water pipe biofilms and storage tank sediments. In these studies, biofilm samples from pipes and sediments from storage tanks of the Lisbon drinking water distribution system were analyzed. Protein determinations and heterotrophic counts on pipe biofilm samples were used to assess the Lisbon network sessile colonization intensity and distribution. Indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed in pipe biofilm samples, as well as in storage tanks biofilm and sediments, by using cultural methods and PCR, to assess risks. Results have shown that the Lisbon network sessile colonization is relatively weak in intensity. In addition, no meaningful hazards were apparent for both the network biofilm and the storage tanks biofilm and sediments.

scholarly journals Identification of Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes From Bacteria Isolated From Selected Municipal Drinking Water Distribution Systems in Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s255-s255
Author(s):  
Ayodele T. Adesoji ◽  
Adeniyi A. Ogunjobi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Background: Multidrug-resistant bacteria can lead to treatment failure, resulting in infectious diseases being transferred through nonpotable water. Aminoglycosides are an important class of antibiotics that are abused in Nigeria. Few studies have investigated aminoglycoside-modifying genes (AMGs) that are likely responsible for resistance in Nigeria bacteria isolates. Therefore, we aimed to characterize AMGs from isolates in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) in southwestern Nigeria. Methods: Multidrug-resistant bacteria (n = 181) that had been previously characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and that were positive for resistance to at least 1 aminoglycoside antibiotic were selected from 6 treated and untreated water distribution systems. Strains were PCR genotyped for 3 AMGs: aph(3)c, ant(3)b and aph(6)-1dd. Results: Of 181 MDR bacteria tested, 69 (38.12%) were positive for at least 1 of the AMGs. The most common was ant(3)c (27.6%), followed by aph(3")c (18.23%). Both aph(3)c and ant(3")b were found in 7.73% of tested isolates, ant(3)b was most commonly found in Alcaligenes spp (50%). Furthermore, aph(3")c was most commonly detected in Proteus spp (50%). Other genera positive for AMGs included Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Bordetella, Brevundimonas, Chromobacterium, Klebsiella, Leucobacter, Morganella, Pantoae, Proteus, Providencia, Psychrobacter, and Serratia. Conclusions: High occurrence of ant(3)c and aph(3)c among these bacteria call for urgent attention among public health workers because these genes can be easily disseminated to consumers if present on mobile genetic elements like plasmids, integrons, and transposons.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Characterization of chemical composition and bacterial community of corrosion scales in different drinking water distribution systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Wang ◽  
Chun Hu ◽  
Lang Yin ◽  
Sujia Zhang ◽  
Lizhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Iron Release ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Biochemical Function ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Corrosion Scales

There is a relationship between biochemical function and chemical composition of corrosion scales, and Fe3O4formation reduced iron release.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document