Modi’s party will take tougher line on immigration

Subject NRC update in Assam. Significance Late last month, a draft update of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam state excluded around 4 million of nearly 32 million applicants as part of efforts to curb illegal migration. Many of the excluded are thought to be Bengali-speaking Muslims who migrated from Bangladesh after the start of the country’s liberation war in 1971. Assam is governed by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who will seek a second term in next year’s general election. Impacts India may seek to relocate its Muslim Rohingya refugees to the Bangladesh border, further straining relations with Dhaka. The government’s position on immigration is likely to draw criticism from human rights groups. Outbreaks of low-level Hindu-Muslim violence are likely across several states prior to the general election.

Significance As the 2019 general election approaches, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is trying to secure the backing of India’s rural population, which is some two-thirds of the country’s total. Modi has encouraged state governments to waive farm debt worth up to 2.8 trillion rupees (39 billion dollars); suggested a procurement formula guaranteeing farmers a return of at least 1.5 times their costs of production; and promised to double farm incomes by 2022. Meanwhile, landowning castes are increasingly demanding opportunities in education and employment away from rural areas. Impacts State governments will try to pay off farm debts by issuing bonds. In election campaigning, opposition parties will claim to champion rural interests. An average 2018 monsoon should boost agricultural output.


Subject The movement to create a separate Gorkhaland out of West Bengal state. Significance After Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government last month abrogated Jammu and Kashmir’s special constitutional status, and divided the state into two union territories, speculation grew that the Modi administration might try to hive off West Bengal state’s Gorkhaland region, currently administered by a semi-autonomous Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA). Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is aiming to strengthen its position in West Bengal, currently governed by Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee’s All India Trinamool Congress (TMC). Impacts Agitation in Gorkhaland could set back tourism, a major source of income for the area, and India’s tea industry, a major employer there. The alleged exclusion of 100,000 Gorkhas from Assam state’s National Register of Citizens may hurt the BJP’s image in northern West Bengal. Gorkha politicians who have turned to the BJP may desert the party if higher-level officials continue to prevaricate over Gorkhaland.


Subject Modi's post-election cabinet appointments and likely policy trajectory. Significance Following a landslide victory in the general election, Prime Minister Narendra Modi last week announced his new cabinet. There were new appointments at the head of the defence, foreign, home and finance ministries. Impacts The merger of the Central Statistics Office and National Sample Survey Office could further undermine trust in India’s GDP growth figures. If a crackdown on ‘illegal’ migration alienates neighbouring ally Bangladesh, Dhaka could draw closer to Delhi’s rival Beijing. Modi’s alliance will likely have a majority in the parliamentary upper house by 2021.


Subject Outlook for the Janata Parivar. Significance In mid-April, six leading regional parties merged to form the 'Janata Parivar' (or People's Family, JP) to challenge Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government. The JP has been provoked, in part, by the way that the BJP is pushing reforms to land acquisition laws despite widespread opposition, and converting its 2014 general election triumph into many regional election victories. Impacts The JP will oppose subsidy cuts and the BJP's Hindu nationalist cultural agenda. The land acquisition amendment may be the most serious casualty of political opposition to Modi. Regional parties will attempt to balance market and welfare interests, highlighting (but not mitigating) rising inequality.


Subject Controversy over the 15th Finance Commission. Significance Finance ministers of three southern states met last month to discuss grievances over the central government’s 15th Finance Commission, which defines revenue redistribution across the federal union. Prime Minister Narendra Modi champions the notion of ‘cooperative federalism’, with central and state governments to share responsibility for economic development. As the 2019 general election approaches, political opponents of Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are contemplating the formation of a ‘Federal Front’. Impacts The BJP will step up efforts to undermine Karnataka’s new Janata Dal (Secular)-Congress ruling coalition. While Congress may join a Federal Front, other parties will resist its attempts to assert leadership of the alliance. Modi will prioritise personal campaigning in southern India ahead of the 2019 election, hoping to win over critics.


Subject Expansion of India's ruling party across the country. Significance Victories for candidates of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in recent elections for the president and the vice-president of India signal the consolidation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s authority. Modi and party President Amit Shah aim not only to win the general election in 2019 but also to control as many states as possible and make the BJP the ‘party of the nation’. Impacts India’s Election Commission may have to investigate increasing claims of electoral impropriety. If Modi is re-elected, the BJP may attain a majority in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of parliament) in his second term. Shah's popularity will rise, though he is unlikely to want to succeed Modi in the long term.


Subject India's redistribution of federal resources. Significance At the general election likely in April or May, the nationally ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the main opposition Congress party will be seeking the support of state-based parties to bolster their alliances. Unequal patterns of regional development are prompting some states to seek a greater share of federal resources, but ‘special category status’ for disadvantaged states has effectively been abolished. Impacts Personal campaigning by Prime Minister Narendra Modi could improve the BJP’s chances of winning votes in states where it is unpopular. Congress will claim that Modi’s government has failed to deliver on economic development, hoping to increase its support. No post-election government will likely consider creating new states.


Subject Prospects for India to end-2018. Significance Latest figures suggest India is once again one of the world's fastest-growing large economies, following a slowdown late last year. However, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) will need to rebound from recent poll setbacks, with up to four state elections before end-2018 and the general election due next year.


Subject Parliamentary disruptions and increasing riots in India. Significance Prime Minister Narendra Modi earlier this month led a public fast in protest at disruptions inside parliament, which cost the budget session nearly 250 hours in lost deliberations. While the Indian legislature’s role in holding the executive to account is curtailed, popular riots provide a means to challenge government policies. India’s general election is due in 2019, when Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) will seek to retain power. Impacts Opposition parties’ attempts to have the Supreme Court chief justice impeached are unlikely to succeed. Spikes in civil violence are likely ahead of forthcoming state elections. The BJP and its allies may achieve a majority in the upper house after 2019, if Modi's party retains power.


Subject Controversial citizenship policies in India. Significance Home Minister Amit Shah last week said the nationally ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) will aim to implement a National Register of Citizens (NRC) across India. Authorities in August released an updated NRC for Assam in the north-east that excludes nearly 2 million of the state's residents, most of whom are probably Muslims with origins in Bangladesh. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's party wants to reintroduce into parliament a Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (CAB), designed to facilitate the claiming of Indian citizenship by non-Muslim illegal migrants from neighbouring South Asian countries. Impacts Despite Modi's assurances that the NRC will not involve deportations to Bangladesh, the matter will put strain on Delhi-Dhaka ties. The CAB will prompt popular protests across the north-east. India's Muslims will likely feel increasingly vulnerable and, in parts of the country, could be susceptible to mob violence.


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