Global reliance on GPS creates new risks

Economic Losses ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Content Type ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Subject Reliance on GPS. Significance Critical infrastructure, essential services and entire industries have become dependent on global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). This dependence has emerged in an unplanned and unanticipated manner. GNSSs are vulnerable to disruption, with a risk of serious economic losses, loss of life and threats to national security. Impacts Reliance on GNSS will rise in established industries, notably finance, power distribution, agriculture and transportation. GNSS will be vital to the successful development of emerging industries such as autonomous vehicles, drones and new space systems. Demand will grow for high-quality GNSS receivers and software, and for backup systems such as ground-based radio navigation systems. Rising dependence on GNSS will incentivise efforts by national militaries and organised crime to exploit vulnerabilities. The greatest vulnerabilities may emerge in poorer countries where finances are more constrained and regulation is likely to be weaker.

“After 300 meters turn right” – the future of Russia’s GLONASS and the development of global satellite navigation systems

foresight ◽

10.1108/fs-10-2013-0053 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 448-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mikhail B. Bokov ◽

Anastasia Edelkina ◽

Marina Klubova ◽

Thomas Thurner ◽

Natalia P. Velikanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Niche Markets ◽

Content Type ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

The Future ◽

Comprehensive Picture ◽

Satellite Navigation Systems ◽

Purpose – Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) were designed to determine the exact location of objects on land, water and air for military purposes. With the opening of the satellite signal for civilian use, the technology created business opportunities for various applications. Today, satellite positioning technology is used by transporters, carriers, motorists, surveyors, builders, foresters, etc. through a wide array of devices like mobile phones or multimedia devices with built-in receiver modules. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides the results of a recently held foresight exercise on the future development of Russia’s GLONASS system. Findings – The foresight exercise suggested a number niche markets where the GLONASS technology could be of great use, like monitoring of buildings and construction sides or the monitoring of shipments. In addition, in the case of Russia, large-scale government-driven investment programs will be key drivers for GLONASS’ growth perspectives. Originality/value – The paper provides a comprehensive picture of the development of GNSS for civilian use until 2020.

Practical Modeling of GNSS for Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Environments

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19194236 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (19) ◽

pp. 4236

Author(s):

Woosik Lee ◽

Hyojoo Cho ◽

Seungho Hyeong ◽

Woojin Chung

Keyword(s):

Motion Estimation ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Autonomous Navigation ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Key Technology ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Agricultural Robots ◽

Autonomous navigation technology is used in various applications, such as agricultural robots and autonomous vehicles. The key technology for autonomous navigation is ego-motion estimation, which uses various sensors. Wheel encoders and global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) are widely used in localization for autonomous vehicles, and there are a few quantitative strategies for handling the information obtained through their sensors. In many cases, the modeling of uncertainty and sensor fusion depends on the experience of the researchers. In this study, we address the problem of quantitatively modeling uncertainty in the accumulated GNSS and in wheel encoder data accumulated in anonymous urban environments, collected using vehicles. We also address the problem of utilizing that data in ego-motion estimation. There are seven factors that determine the magnitude of the uncertainty of a GNSS sensor. Because it is impossible to measure each of these factors, in this study, the uncertainty of the GNSS sensor is expressed through three variables, and the exact uncertainty is calculated. Using the proposed method, the uncertainty of the sensor is quantitatively modeled and robust localization is performed in a real environment. The approach is validated through experiments in urban environments.

Assessment of the Implementation of GNSS into Gliding

MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development ◽

10.14311/mad.2017.04.01 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Tomáš Kubáč ◽

Jakub Hospodka

Keyword(s):

Navigation Satellite ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Global Navigation ◽

Global Navigation Systems ◽

Usage Preference ◽

Selection Of ◽

Wide Usage

Global navigation satellite systems are increasingly part of our lives and many industries including aviation. Glider flying is no exception in this trend. Global navigation satellite systems were part of gliding since the early 1990s. First as official recording devices for simple evidence of sporting performances, then as navigation systems, anti-collision systems and emergency location transmitters. Development of recording application was initiated and supported by International Gliding Commission of World Air Sports Federation in way of certifications for flight recorders. The use of navigation and other modern instruments in gliders has brought many benefits but also risks. However, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and these systems are now integral part of gliding. With this wide usage of global navigation satellite systems devices, there is great many possibilities how and in which way one can use these systems. Pilots must orient themselves in varied selection of products, which they can use to choose one solution, that fits him. Therefore, to find out how and if pilots use these devices, we created questionnaire survey among 143 Czech glider pilots. We found out, that 84% of them are using global navigation satellite systems devices for official record of flight and for navigation as well. More than half of pilots is using free, not built-in devices. Most common devices are mobile phones up to 5 inches of screen diagonal in combination with approved flight recorder without display. If pilots use mobile device for navigation, 52% of them is using one with Windows Mobile operating system, 33% use Android. Navigational software on these mobile devices is then almost tied between SeeYou Mobile, XCSoar and LK8000. Knowledge about usage preference of global navigation systems devices should help pilots with selection and overall orientation in subject.

Assessment of the Cutting Performance of a Robot Mower Using Custom Built Software

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9050230 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 230 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luisa Martelloni ◽

Marco Fontanelli ◽

Stefano Pieri ◽

Christian Frasconi ◽

Lisa Caturegli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Forward Speed ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Different Shapes ◽

High Level ◽

Short Time ◽

Gnss Data ◽

Collection And Management

Before the introduction of positioning technologies in agriculture practices such as global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), data collection and management were time-consuming and labor-intensive tasks. Today, due to the introduction of advanced technologies, precise information on the performance of agricultural machines, and smaller autonomous vehicles such as robot mowers, can be collected in a relatively short time. The aim of this work was to track the performance of a robot mower in various turfgrass areas of an equal number of square meters but with four different shapes by using real-time kinematic (RTK)-GNSS devices, and to easily extract data by a custom built software capable of calculating the distance travelled by the robot mower, the forward speed, the cutting area, and the number of intersections of the trajectories. These data were then analyzed in order to provide useful functioning information for manufacturers, entrepreneurs, and practitioners. The path planning of the robot mower was random and the turfgrass area for each of the four shapes was 135 m2 without obstacles. The distance travelled by the robot mower, the mean forward speed, and the intersections of the trajectories were affected by the interaction between the time of cutting and the shape of the turfgrass. For all the different shapes, the whole turfgrass area was completely cut after two hours of mowing. The cutting efficiency decreased by increasing the time, as a consequence of the increase in overlaps. After 75 minutes of cutting, the efficiency was about 35% in all the turfgrass areas shapes, thus indicating a high level of overlapping.

Kalman Filter-Based RAIM for Reliable Aircraft Positioning with GPS and NavIC Constellations

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20226606 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (22) ◽

pp. 6606

Author(s):

Susmita Bhattacharyya ◽

Dinesh Mute

Keyword(s):

Kalman Filter ◽

Weighted Least Squares ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Vector Tracking ◽

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring ◽

Computational Resources

This paper presents a novel Kalman filter (KF)-based receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm for reliable aircraft positioning with global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The presented method overcomes major limitations of the authors’ previous work, and uses two GNSS, namely, Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) of India and the Global Positioning System (GPS). The algorithm is developed in the range domain and compared with two existing approaches—one each for the weighted least squares navigation filter and KF. Extensive simulations were carried out for an unmanned aircraft flight path over the Indian sub-continent for validation of the new approach. Although both existing methods outperform the new one, the work is significant for the following reasons. KF is an integral part of advanced navigation systems that can address frequent loss of GNSS signals (e.g., vector tracking and multi-sensor integration). Developing KF RAIM algorithms is essential to ensuring their reliability. KF solution separation (or position domain) RAIM offers good performance at the cost of high computational load. Presented range domain KF RAIM, on the other hand, offers satisfactory performance to a certain extent, eliminating a major issue of growing position error bounds over time. It requires moderate computational resources, and hence, shows promise for real-time implementations in avionics. Simulation results also indicate that addition of NavIC alongside GPS can substantially improve RAIM performance, particularly in poor geometries.

An Innovative Approach for Atmospheric Error Mitigation Using New GNSS Signals

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463311000373 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 (S1) ◽

pp. S211-S232 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lei Yang ◽

Zeynep Elmas ◽

Chris Hill ◽

Marcio Aquino ◽

Terry Moore

Keyword(s):

High Accuracy ◽

Tropospheric Delay ◽

Atmospheric Effects ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Error Mitigation ◽

Satellite Navigation Systems ◽

New signals from the modernised satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS) and the ones that are being developed (COMPASS and GALILEO) will present opportunities for more accurate and reliable positioning solutions. Successful exploitation of these new signals will also enable the development of new markets and applications for difficult environments where the current Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) cannot provide satisfying solutions. This research is aiming to exploit the improvement in monitoring, modelling and mitigating the atmospheric effects using the increased number of signals from the future satellite systems. Preliminary investigations were conducted on the numerical weather parameter based horizontal tropospheric delay modelling, as well as the ionospheric higher order and scintillation effects. Results from this research are expected to provide a potential supplement to high accuracy positioning techniques.

Global maritime security risks rise with GNSS use

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db246110 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Maritime Security ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Security Risks ◽

Efficient Operation ◽

Content Type ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Global Navigation ◽

Cost Implications

Subject The maritime security of global navigation satellite systems. Significance Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are critical to the safe and efficient operation of maritime transport, yet civilian GNSSs have little security. This has been highlighted most recently during tensions over ships passing the Strait of Hormuz, in which Iran allegedly tampered with GNSS signals to seize vessels. Impacts EU-based operators will have the advantage of access to the Galileo protected modes when launched. Developers of future GNSSs will face calls to include civilian secure modes. Secure civilian modes have cost implications for the shipping sector.

Rising use of GNSS will test domestic regulators

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db244504 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Civil Liberties ◽

International Standards ◽

Personal Privacy ◽

Content Type ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Location Data ◽

Safety Cases ◽

Commercial Applications ◽

Subject Domestic governance of GNSS. Significance The growing use of location data generated by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has implications for personal privacy, civil liberties and public safety. Cases involving its use and abuse have already gained national prominence in several jurisdictions, but most issues remain unresolved. Impacts Providers of products and services that use GNSS will face new requirements to ensure safety and privacy. Demand for illegal jammers will rise as more items are fitted with location trackers as a security feature. International standards will emerge for commercial applications.

GNSS-based Orbital Filter for Earth Moon Transfer Orbits

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463315000843 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 745-764 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vincenzo Capuano ◽

Francesco Basile ◽

Cyril Botteron ◽

Pierre- André Farine

Keyword(s):

Model Simulation ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Transfer Orbits ◽

Low Earth Orbits ◽

Navigation Accuracy ◽

Earth Orbits ◽

Gnss Observations

Numerous applications, not only Earth-based, but also space-based, have strengthened the interest of the international scientific community in using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) as navigation systems for space missions that require good accuracy and low operating costs. Indeed, already successfully used in Low Earth Orbits (LEOs), GNSS-based navigation systems can maximise the autonomy of a spacecraft while reducing the burden and the costs of ground operations. That is why GNSS is also attractive for applications in higher Earth orbits up to the Moon, such as in Moon Transfer Orbits (MTOs). However, the higher the altitude the receiver is above the GNSS constellations, the poorer and the weaker are the relative geometry and the received signal powers, respectively, leading to a significant navigation accuracy reduction. In order to improve the achievable GNSS performance in MTOs, we consider in this paper an adaptive orbital filter that fuses the GNSS observations with an orbital forces model. Simulation results show a navigation accuracy significantly higher than that attainable individually by a standalone GNSS receiver or by means of a pure orbital propagation.