Gender differences in understanding police perspectives on crowd disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Dawson ◽  
Garth Davies
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Response ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Female Police Officers ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Police Perceptions ◽  
Female Officers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and dynamics of crowd disorder from the perspective of the police in a Canadian context, as well as to extend this perspective to include the opinions of female police officers. Design/methodology/approach A total of 460 Vancouver police officers participated in this study. Following the 2011 Stanley Cup riot, police officers received mail-based questionnaires focussed on gathering information concerning police perceptions of the crowd and the police response in riot situations. A total of 15 response items were analysed using descriptive approaches and confirmatory factor analyses. Findings The study findings revealed that, in addition to being multidimensional, the police perspective of crowd disorder may be contingent upon certain officer characteristics. Although, the police perspective can generally be categorized by four overarching constructs: dichotomous crowd, homogeneous threat, strict policing and tactical response; it becomes more complex once the officers’ gender is taken into consideration. The results suggest that the male and female police officers may have some differing views about the nature of crowds and the type of police response required to manage disorderly crowd situations. Originality/value In addition to being the first study to analyse police perceptions of crowd disorder in a Canadian context, this research is the first to include the points of view of female officers.

The 2011 Stanley Cup Riot: police perspectives and lessons learned

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth Davies ◽  
Stephanie E Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Operational Planning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Police Perceptions ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine crowd violence in relation to the 2011 Stanley Cup Riot from the perspective of those police officers who were involved in the event, and identify any lessons that can be learned from this incident. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 460 Vancouver police officers participated in this study. Police perceptions of the riot were elicited via mailed questionnaires, which focused on key themes related to crowd disorder and police response, including preparations, deployment, training, safety, causes, and future prevention. Questionnaire responses were analyzed using descriptive approaches and one-sample t-tests. Findings – The study findings revealed that, in general, police felt ill-prepared prior to the riot, and ill- and unsafe during the riot. Their responses also suggested that their negative perceptions of the riot were the result of a few prominent factors, namely inadequate deployment, a lack of operational planning, and the presence of a large and belligerent crowd. Research limitations/implications – This study represents an important first step in understanding the issues associated with preventing and containing disorderly crowds from the perspective of police officers. Although valuable, this study does have a few limitations, including post hoc data collection. Practical implications – This study provides important insights into the causes of riots and the particular difficulties officers face during the course of a riot. These insights may be used by departments to assist with planning and preparations related to preventing riots and effectively limiting crowd disorder. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine police perceptions in a Canadian context. It utilizes a comparatively large sample, and is among the very few studies that includes the views of officers who have actually experienced a riot.

Empowering Women in Blue Uniforms—Gender and Police in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta Singh ◽  
Sultan Khan
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Work ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
Female Police Officers ◽  
South African Police ◽  
Female Officers

Gender in the police force has received scant attention by researchers, although there are complex social dimensions at play in how male and female law enforcement officers relate to each other in the workplace. Given the fact that males predominate in the police force, their female counterparts are often marginalised due to their sexual orientation and certain stereotypes that prevail about their femininity. Male officers perceive female officers as physically weak individuals who cannot go about their duties as this is an area of work deemed more appropriate to men. Based on this perception, female officers are discriminated against in active policing and often confined to administrative duties. This study looks at how female police officers are discriminated against in the global police culture across the globe, the logic of sexism and women’s threat to police work, men’s opposition to female police work, gender representivity in the police force, and the integration and transformation of the South African Police Service to accommodate female police officers. The study highlights that although police officers are discriminated against globally, in the South African context positive steps have been taken to accommodate them through legislative reform.

How congruent are managers’ perceptions of cultural distance with objective reality?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goudarz Azar
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Perceived Cultural Distance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which managers’ perceptions of cultural distance – one of the most important explanatory factors in the field of international business – are congruent with objective reality. Design/methodology/approach – By subjecting a sample of 242 export ventures to correlation and confirmatory factor analyses, managers’ perceptions of the cultural distance (i.e. perceived cultural distance) between 29 international markets and Sweden (the home market) were compared, with “objective” cultural distance gauged using Hofstede's (1980) scores for dimensions of national culture. Findings – A statistically significant correlation was found between managers’ perceptions of cultural distance and “objective” cultural distance. Originality/value – Despite the importance of perceptual data in many theoretical and practical domains, few studies analyze the validity of such data. The present findings validate the congruence of perceptual data regarding cultural distance with “objective” cultural distance.

Informal learning behaviors, interaction and workplace autonomy and readiness to learn

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Lucena Barbosa ◽  
Jairo Eduardo Borges-Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Informal Learning ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Learning Behaviors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Context Variables ◽  
Readiness To Learn ◽  
Parsimonious Model

Purpose This paper aims to find a measurement model with better evidence of validity, with data extracted from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). To test a parsimonious model in which dispositional and workplace context characteristics are predictors of informal learning behaviors (ILBs). Design/methodology/approach The authors performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to improve the fit of the PIAAC data measurement model. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the prediction of ILBs by one dispositional variable (Readiness to Learn) and two workplace context variables (Autonomy and Interaction in the Workplace). Findings A measurement model emerged with 18 items divided into four factors. The three antecedent variables predicted ILBs. Interaction in the workplace resulted in higher scores, and workplace autonomy resulted in lower scores. Research limitations/implications The small number of items for ILBs prevented a more detailed exploration of predictors of different types of these behaviors. ILBs can be stimulated by policies that promote readiness to learn and that encourage the design of environments that require worker interactions and autonomy. Originality/value Few studies on ILBs in the workplace have investigated the prediction of dispositional and contextual antecedents based on a theoretical model. The findings herein were obtained using a diverse sample of countries, occupations and generations, allowing better generalization. The importance of interpersonal relationships in the workplace for predicting ILBs was emphasized.

scholarly journals Investigating residents’ attitudes of 2016 Olympic Games

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishwas Maheshwari ◽  
Janaina de Moura Engracia Giraldi ◽  
Maria Gabriela Montanari
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Branding ◽  
Opening Ceremony ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Internal Stakeholder ◽  
Mega Event ◽  
Residents Attitudes ◽  
The Olympic Games

Purpose Olympic Games provide an arguably unparalleled amount of opportunities for the host city and country in relation to economic and socio-cultural growth and development. However, the achievement of such long-term success measures lies with the holistic involvement of community groups, specifically residents, in the planning of the mega event. The purpose of this paper is to examine the residents’ attitudes of the 2016 Olympic Games and to verify moderating effects of place of residence in support of the Games. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected in Brazil in the months leading to the Rio Olympic Games using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A total of 501 responses were collected prior to the opening ceremony of the event. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied. Findings The socio-cultural and economic dimensions had a positive and significant effect in support for the Olympic Games; however, the environmental dimension did not have such strong effect. Furthermore, differences between host and non-host city residents tested positive in support of the Olympic Games. Practical implications This study aims to contribute to the developing application of country branding by examining attitudes of internal stakeholder groups in the form of residents. Originality/value This research presents a conceptual model to further establish the importance of such attitudes for organizers and government authorities involved with the bidding, planning and management of mega events from a country branding perspective, particularly in developing countries such as Brazil.

Instrument development and contextualization for perceived characteristics of e-transactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Abunadi ◽  
Fayez Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Systems Methodology ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Conceptual Research

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and develop a contextualized model and instrument to assess citizens’ transactions with government organizations, with a view to predicting and elucidating acceptance of e-transactions. For this purpose, a research model (perceived characteristics of e-transactions acceptance) is developed. Design/methodology/approach In order to analyze e-transaction acceptance and identify the requirements of the research context, several models were considered. An approach was employed to contextualize or localize the theoretical model, questionnaire items, and the instrument. An online survey gathered the responses of 663 Saudi citizens. Findings Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the measurement model was the most suitable for the collected data. In addition to developing a conceptual research model and instrument, the present study provides a rigorous methodology for contextualizing the model, questionnaire items, and the instrument. Originality/value This paper develops an original instrument derived from rigorous information systems methodology research. The research model could also be utilized in emerging economies that are implementing e-government to improve the development of e-government services and facilitate acceptance of electronic government transactions, ultimately enhancing citizens’ lives.

Police culture: An empirical appraisal of the phenomenon

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-338
Author(s):  
Ismail Cenk Demirkol ◽  
Mahesh K Nalla
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Turkish National Police ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
First Order ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
National Police ◽  
Best Fit

Although police culture is a widely researched topic, not much is known about the nature of the relationships among the various components and the degree to which they are critical in the make-up of police culture. In this study, we revisit the concept of police culture and explore the nature and directions of the relationships among the various elements that constitute police culture. Drawing data from a survey of 1970 Turkish National police officers we identify six commonly recognized dimensions of police culture based on the existing literature. The results from the four different confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) indicate that of the six dimensions, the first-order CFA with five factors best fit the data. Further, the results suggest that police culture did not account for the covariation among the six first-order factors. These findings suggest that police culture is a more complex and multifaceted concept than the prior literature suggests.

Developing a scale for brand competitive positioning: a study in the home appliance industry

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Effat Sadat Mahboobi Renani ◽  
Seyed Fathollah Amiri Aghdaie ◽  
Majid Mohammad Shafiee ◽  
Azarnoush Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Perceived Price ◽  
Home Appliance ◽  
The Mind

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting brand competitive positioning (BCP) and its components in the home appliance industry and also to develop a scale for it, considering both the seller’s and the buyer’s side. Design/methodology/approach The factors were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Data was collected from findings of previous research as well as interviews with experts in the industry. After conducting thematic analysis, the extracted factors were confirmed by experts. A total of 400 samples was used to test the BCP scale. Respondents were the customers of some selected home appliance brands. Findings The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that seven main factors influenced BCP, including product quality, service quality, perceived price, sales and distribution, marketing communication, market orientation and reputation and background. Also, the five components of BCP are distinctiveness, desirability, credibility, value for money and top of the mind awareness. Originality/value Modelling a new scale on BCP is of considerable importance. Using mixed method, the current study presents a new scale named Brand Competitive Positioning Scale.

The code of silence and female police officers in Slovenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branko Lobnikar ◽  
Kaja Prislan ◽  
Barbara Čuvan ◽  
Gorazd Meško
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Police Misconduct ◽  
Police Chiefs ◽  
Police Corruption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Code Of Silence ◽  
Female Police Officers ◽  
Willingness To Report ◽  
Police Integrity

Purpose – For some time now, research conducted in the field of human behavior and criminology has pertained to the contemporary question as to whether there are any relevant differences between the genders regarding their integrity and opinions held and, if so, which of these lead to different behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there are any gender differences in willingness to report police misconduct and if so, what is the nature of these differences. Design/methodology/approach – In spring 2011, the study was conducted on a representative sample of 408 frontline Slovenian police officers (87.3 percent were male and 12.7 percent were female). The assessment of the code of silence was conducted using the method developed by Klockars and Kutnjak Ivković (2004), and consisted of 14 hypothetical scenarios describing a range of various forms of police misconduct, from those that merely give the appearance of a conflict of interest, to incidents of bribery and theft. One of the questions explored in relation to the police code of silence was the police officer’s willingness to report misconduct. Findings – Authors discovered significant differences in 11 of the 14 analyzed cases on the willingness to report police misconduct. Interestingly, female police officers were less willing than their male colleagues to report different forms of police misconduct. Female police officers are less willing to report police corruption in seven cases e.g. shooting runaway suspect, supervisor abusing his/her power, excessive force – punching a suspect, falsification of evidence, supervisor not prevent beating a suspect, police officer take bribes, and doing nothing when juveniles paint graffiti. The results were further analyzed from the group dynamic in Slovenian police point of view. The survey findings could be useful for police chiefs, leaders, and managers who want to achieve the main objective of every modern police organization: to prevent corruption and increase social responsibility. Originality/value – The study analyzes, comprehensively and originally, whether the female police officers differ from their male colleagues in the level of police integrity and willingness to report the cases of police corruption and/or other forms of police misbehavior.

Consumers’ psychological outcomes linked to the use of an online store’s recommendation system

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Martínez-López ◽  
Irene Esteban-Millat ◽  
Ana Argila ◽  
Francisco Rejón-Guardia
Keyword(s):  
Recommendation System ◽  
Psychological Outcomes ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Online Stores ◽  
Willingness To Purchase

Purpose – Psychological perspective has been omitted or considered a secondary issue by past studies focused on e-commerce recommendation systems (RS). However, this perspective is key to gaining a better understanding of consumer behaviours when these systems are used to support purchasing processes at online stores. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The field study consisted of a simulated online shopping process undertaken by a sample of internet users with a recommender system at a real online store (Pixmania). The authors applied rigorous and detailed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to assess the empirical validity of the model. Findings – The proposed sequence of psychological outcomes is valid, with the exception of one hypothesized relationship. In particular, satisfaction with an online store’s recommender has a strong influence on a consumer’s willingness to purchase one of the items related to his/her shopping goal. However, this satisfaction has no direct effect on a consumer’s intention to make add-on purchases based on the recommender’s suggestions. On the contrary, the results support the idea that add-on purchases are conditioned by a previous purchase related to the consumer’s initial shopping goal. On the other hand, a consumer’s flow state while shopping improves all his/her psychological outcomes linked to an online store’s recommender. The influence of flow state is particularly interesting when seeking to gain a better understanding of consumers’ unplanned purchases based on the recommender’s suggestions. These findings have important implications for practitioners. Originality/value – This paper discusses in detail and empirically test a set of psychological outcomes that emerge when an e-vendor’s recommender is used to assist a consumer’s shopping process. To the best of the knowledge, this is the first attempt that empirically tests most of the hypothesized relationships within an online store’s RS context.

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