Evaluation and Diagnosis of Brain Diseases based on Non-invasive BCI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuoting Song ◽  
Tao Fang ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Song Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals The brain timewise: how timing shapes and supports brain function

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1668) ◽  
pp. 20140170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riitta Hari ◽  
Lauri Parkkonen
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Brain

We discuss the importance of timing in brain function: how temporal dynamics of the world has left its traces in the brain during evolution and how we can monitor the dynamics of the human brain with non-invasive measurements. Accurate timing is important for the interplay of neurons, neuronal circuitries, brain areas and human individuals. In the human brain, multiple temporal integration windows are hierarchically organized, with temporal scales ranging from microseconds to tens and hundreds of milliseconds for perceptual, motor and cognitive functions, and up to minutes, hours and even months for hormonal and mood changes. Accurate timing is impaired in several brain diseases. From the current repertoire of non-invasive brain imaging methods, only magnetoencephalography (MEG) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) provide millisecond time-resolution; our focus in this paper is on MEG. Since the introduction of high-density whole-scalp MEG/EEG coverage in the 1990s, the instrumentation has not changed drastically; yet, novel data analyses are advancing the field rapidly by shifting the focus from the mere pinpointing of activity hotspots to seeking stimulus- or task-specific information and to characterizing functional networks. During the next decades, we can expect increased spatial resolution and accuracy of the time-resolved brain imaging and better understanding of brain function, especially its temporal constraints, with the development of novel instrumentation and finer-grained, physiologically inspired generative models of local and network activity. Merging both spatial and temporal information with increasing accuracy and carrying out recordings in naturalistic conditions, including social interaction, will bring much new information about human brain function.

scholarly journals Increased Expression of Plasma miRNA-320a and let-7b-5p in Heroin-Dependent Patients and Its Clinical Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixiong Liu ◽  
Wenjin Xu ◽  
Jiying Feng ◽  
Hong Ma ◽  
Jianbin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curves ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Heroin Use Disorder ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Plasma Mirnas

Heroin use disorder is a chronic and relapsing disease that induces persistent changes in the brain. The diagnoses of heroin use disorders are mainly based on subjective reports and no valid biomarkers available. Recent researches have revealed that circulating miRNAs are useful non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosing brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. However, studies on circulating miRNAs for the diagnosis of heroin use disorders are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of plasma miRNAs in 57 heroin-dependent patients. Based on literature research and microarray analysis, two candidate miRNAs, miR-320a and let-7b-5p, were selected and analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The results showed miR-320a and let-7b were significantly upregulated in plasma of the heroin-dependent patients compared to that in healthy controls. The area under curves (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of miR-320a and let-7b-5p were 0.748 and 0.758, respectively. The sensitivities of miR-320a and let-7b-5p were 71.9 and 70.2%, while the specificities of miR-320a and let-7b-5p were 76.1 and 78.3%, respectively. The combination of these two miRNAs predicted heron dependence with an AUC of 0.782 (95% CI 0.687–0.876), with 73.7% sensitivity and 82.6% specificity. Our findings suggest a potential use for circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of heroin abuse.

DESIGN OF PORTABLE EPLDALTERA MAX EPM719SQC160-7 AND DSPTMS320V5410PGE APPLICATION FOR NON-INVASIVE IN-EXTRA CRANIAL ARTERIES VASCULAR SYSTEM

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550025
Author(s):  
Whi-Young Kim ◽  
Jun-Hyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cranial Arteries

The incidence of brain diseases, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease and motor nerve disorder, has increased since 1980s. According to a survey conducted on the incidence in England, US, Japan, Germany and Spain, the dementia death rate, including Alzheimer's disease, had increased by three times for men. The death rate from brain disease, such as Parkinson's disease and motor nerve disorder, has increased by 50% for both men and women. Although this increase can be assumed to be caused by changes in DNA when observing from a genetic perspective, it would take hundreds of years to confirm this. Therefore, environmental factors are regarded as the actual cause. In this situation of a rapidly increasing aging population, the prevention of senile and brain diseases is considered the most important measure because treatment is difficult and the after-effects are severe. A cerebrovascular ultrasonogram, which can frequently allow a self-inspection of the blood vessels for the early detection of the risk factors for disease, is actualized to model with a characteristic test and has shown performance. Supplementation of the system can facilitate an application in the measurement of brain disorder patients with other diseases in the future. This study examined the atypical characteristics through the production of a prototype.

scholarly journals Network remodeling induced by transcranial brain stimulation: A computational model of tDCS-triggered cell assembly formation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Lu ◽  
Júlia V. Gallinaro ◽  
Stefan Rotter
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Network ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Cell Assembly ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Transcranial Brain Stimulation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a variant of non-invasive neuromodulation, which promises treatment for brain diseases like major depressive disorder. In experiments, long-lasting aftereffects were observed, suggesting that persistent plastic changes are induced. The mechanism underlying the emergence of lasting aftereffects, however, remains elusive. Here we propose a model, which assumes that tDCS triggers a homeostatic response of the network involving growth and decay of synapses. The cortical tissue exposed to tDCS is conceived as a recurrent network of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, with synapses subject to homeostatically regulated structural plasticity. We systematically tested various aspects of stimulation, including electrode size and montage, as well as stimulation intensity and duration. Our results suggest that transcranial stimulation perturbs the homeostatic equilibrium and leads to a pronounced growth response of the network. The stimulated population eventually eliminates excitatory synapses with the unstimulated population, and new synapses among stimulated neurons are grown to form a cell assembly. Strong focal stimulation tends to enhance the connectivity within new cell assemblies, and repetitive stimulation with well-chosen duty cycles can increase the impact of stimulation even further. One long-term goal of our work is to help optimizing the use of tDCS in clinical applications.

Clinical Neurophysiology and Neurotransmitters

Cephalalgia ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Maertens de Noordhout ◽  
W Wang ◽  
J Schoenen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Neurophysiology ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Temporalis Muscle ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Electrophysiological Tests ◽  
Intracortical Circuits ◽  
Related Potentials

Clinical neurophysiology allows non-invasive assessment of neurotransmitter function in various regions of the central and peripheral nervous system. In this review, we describe examples of functional evaluation of neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction, in some spinal interneurons and intracortical circuits as well as evaluation of pharmacological modulation of some electrophysiological tests. These investigations are carried out to help our understanding of the pathophysiology of brain diseases. Finally, we discuss possible relationships between electrophysiological tests (evoked/event-related potentials and exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity) and neurotransmitter function in headache.

scholarly journals Thoughts on neurophysiological signal analysis and classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-223
Author(s):  
Junhua Li
Keyword(s):  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Task Classification ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

Neurophysiological signals are crucial intermediaries, through which brain activity can be quantitatively measured and brain mechanisms are able to be revealed. In particular, non‐invasive neurophysiological signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are welcomed and frequently utilised in various studies since these signals can be non‐invasively recorded without harming the human brain while they convey abundant information pertaining to brain activity. The recorded neurophysiological signals are analysed to mine meaningful information for the understanding of brain mechanisms or are classified to distinguish different patterns (e.g., different cognitive states, brain diseases versus healthy controls). To date, remarkable progress has been made in both the analysis and classification of neurophysiological signals, but scholars are not feeling complacent. Consistent effort ought to be paid to advance the research of analysis and classification based on neurophysiological signals. In this paper, I express my thoughts regarding promising future directions in neurophysiological signal analysis and classification based on current developments and accomplishments. I will elucidate the thoughts after brief summaries of relevant backgrounds, accomplishments, and tendencies. According to my personal selection and preference, I mainly focus on brain connectivity, multidimensional array (tensor), multi‐modality, multiple task classification, deep learning, big data, and naturalistic experiment. Hopefully, my thoughts could give a little help to inspire new ideas and contribute to the research of the analysis and classification of neurophysiological signals in some way.

Deuterium labeling enables non-invasive 3D proton MR imaging of glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Bednarik ◽  
Dario Goranovic ◽  
Alena Svátková ◽  
Fabian Niess ◽  
Lukas Hingerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Deuterium Labeling ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Specialized Hardware ◽  
First Time ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract Impaired brain glucose metabolism characterizes most severe brain diseases. Recent studies have proposed deuterium (2H)-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) as a reliable, non-invasive, and safe method to quantify the human metabolism of 2H-labeled substrates such as glucose and their downstream metabolism (e.g., aerobic/anaerobic glucose utilization and neurotransmitter synthesis) and address the major drawbacks of positron emission tomography (PET) or carbon (13C)-MRS. Here, for the first time, we show an indirect dynamic proton (1H)-MRSI technique in humans, which overcomes four critical 2H-MRSI limitations. Our innovative approach provides higher sensitivity with improved spatial/temporal resolution and higher chemical specificity to differentiate glutamate (Glu4), glutamine (Gln4), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA2) deuterated at specific molecular positions while allowing simultaneous mapping of both labeled and unlabeled metabolites without the need for specialized hardware. Our novel method demonstrated significant Glu4, Gln4, and GABA2 decreases, with 18% faster Glu4 reduction in the gray matter than white matter after ingestion of deuterated glucose. Thus, robustly detected downstream glucose metabolism utilizing clinically available MR hardware without the need for radioactive tracers and PET.

scholarly journals Kinetic modeling and parameter estimation of TSPO PET imaging in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona Wimberley ◽  
Sonia Lavisse ◽  
Ansel Hillmer ◽  
Rainer Hinz ◽  
Federico Turkheimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Input Function ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Vessels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tspo Imaging

Abstract Purpose Translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is widely used in research studies of brain diseases that have a neuro-immune component. Quantification of TSPO PET images, however, is associated with several challenges, such as the lack of a reference region, a genetic polymorphism affecting the affinity of the ligand for TSPO, and a strong TSPO signal in the endothelium of the brain vessels. These challenges have created an ongoing debate in the field about which type of quantification is most useful and whether there is an appropriate simplified model. Methods This review focuses on the quantification of TSPO radioligands in the human brain. The various methods of quantification are summarized, including the gold standard of compartmental modeling with metabolite-corrected input function as well as various alternative models and non-invasive approaches. Their advantages and drawbacks are critically assessed. Results and conclusions Researchers employing quantification methods for TSPO should understand the advantages and limitations associated with each method. Suggestions are given to help researchers choose between these viable alternative methods.

scholarly journals A Review of Neurofeedback Training for Improving Sport Performance From the Perspective of User Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmin Gong ◽  
Feng Gu ◽  
Wenya Nan ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Changhao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Experimental Implementation ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Scheme Selection ◽  
Technical Principles ◽  
The Brain

Neurofeedback training (NFT) is a non-invasive, safe, and effective method of regulating the nerve state of the brain. Presently, NFT is widely used to prevent and rehabilitate brain diseases and improve an individual’s external performance. Among the various NFT methods, NFT to improve sport performance (SP-NFT) has become an important research and application focus worldwide. Several studies have shown that the method is effective in improving brain function and motor control performance. However, appropriate reviews and prospective directions for this technology are lacking. This paper proposes an SP-NFT classification method based on user experience, classifies and discusses various SP-NFT research schemes reported in the existing literature, and reviews the technical principles, application scenarios, and usage characteristics of different SP-NFT schemes. Several key issues in SP-NFT development, including the factors involved in neural mechanisms, scheme selection, learning basis, and experimental implementation, are discussed. Finally, directions for the future development of SP-NFT, including SP-NFT based on other electroencephalograph characteristics, SP-NFT integrated with other technologies, and SP-NFT commercialization, are suggested. These discussions are expected to provide some valuable ideas to researchers in related fields.

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