Can Musical Tempo Makes Tetris Game Harder?

<p>In this thesis I develop a robust system and method for predicting individuals’ emotional responses to musical stimuli. Music has a powerful effect on human emotion, however the factors that create this emotional experience are poorly understood. Some of these factors are characteristics of the music itself, for example musical tempo, mode, harmony, and timbre are known to affect people's emotional responses. However, the same piece of music can produce different emotional responses in different people, so the ability to use music to induce emotion also depends on predicting the effect of individual differences. These individual differences might include factors such as people's moods, personalities, culture, and musical background amongst others. While many of the factors that contribute to emotional experience have been examined, it is understood that the research in this domain is far from both a) identifying and understanding the many factors that affect an individual’s emotional response to music, and b) using this understanding of factors to inform the selection of stimuli for emotion induction. This unfortunately results in wide variance in emotion induction results, inability to replicate emotional studies, and the inability to control for variables in research. The approach of this thesis is to therefore model the latent variable contributions to an individual’s emotional experience of music through the application of deep learning and modern recommender system techniques. With each study in this work, I iteratively develop a more reliable and effective system for predicting personalised emotion responses to music, while simultaneously adopting and developing strong and standardised methodology for stimulus selection. The work sees the introduction and validation of a) electronic and loop-based music as reliable stimuli for inducing emotional responses, b) modern recommender systems and deep learning as methods of more reliably predicting individuals' emotion responses, and c) novel understandings of how musical features map to individuals' emotional responses. The culmination of this research is the development of a personalised emotion prediction system that can better predict individuals emotional responses to music, and can select musical stimuli that are better catered to individual difference. This will allow researchers and practitioners to both more reliably and effectively a) select music stimuli for emotion induction, and b) induce and manipulate target emotional responses in individuals.</p>

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Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities

Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

10.1525/mp.2002.20.2.151 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 151-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 239

Author(s):

Gabriela Husain ◽

William Forde Thompson ◽

E. Glenn Schellenberg

Keyword(s):

Spatial Ability ◽

Spatial Abilities ◽

Spatial Task ◽

Mozart Effect ◽

Minor Mode ◽

Musical Tempo ◽

Slow Tempo

We examined effects of tempo and mode on spatial ability, arousal, and mood. A Mozart sonata was performed by a skilled pianist and recorded as a MIDI file. The file was edited to produce four versions that varied in tempo (fast or slow) and mode (major or minor). Participants listened to a single version and completed measures of spatial ability, arousal, and mood. Performance on the spatial task was superior after listening to music at a fast rather than a slow tempo, and when the music was presented in major rather than minor mode. Tempo manipulations affected arousal but not mood, whereas mode manipulations affected mood but not arousal. Changes in arousal and mood paralleled variation on the spatial task. The findings are consistent with the view that the "Mozart effect" is a consequence of changes in arousal and mood.

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Higher is Faster

Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

10.1525/mp.2015.33.2.179 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 179-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hila Tamir-Ostrover ◽

Zohar Eitan

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Music Training ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Pitch Change ◽

Musical Pitch ◽

Pitch Direction ◽

Pitch Structure ◽

Musical Tempo

While determining an appropriate tempo is crucial to music performers, composers and listeners, few empirical studies have investigated the musical factors affecting tempo choices. In two experiments we examined how aspects of musical pitch affect tempo choice, by asking participants (musically trained and untrained) to adjust the tempi of melodic sequences varying in pitch register and pitch direction, as well as sequences typically associated with specific registers in common period music. In Experiment 1, faster tempi were assigned to higher registers. Specific melodic direction (rise vs. fall) did not affect tempo preferences; nevertheless, pitch change in both directions elicited faster tempi than a repeating, unchanging pitch. The effect of register on tempo preference was stronger for participants with music training, and also (unexpectedly) for female participants. In Experiment 2, melodic figures typically related to lower and higher parts in common-period music were associated with slower and faster tempi, respectively. Results support a “holistic” notion of musical tempo, viewing the choice of proper tempo as determined by interactions among diverse musical dimensions, including aspects of pitch structure, rather than by rhythmic considerations alone. The experimental design presented here can be further applied to explore the effects of other musical parameters on tempo preferences.

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Does the musical tempo enhance physical performance?

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/0305735620904777 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 030573562090477

Author(s):

Jorge A Aburto-Corona ◽

J A de Paz ◽

José Moncada-Jiménez ◽

Bryan Montero-Herrera ◽

Luis M Gómez-Miranda

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Young Adults ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Young Male ◽

Constant Speed ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Male And Female ◽

Musical Tempo

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the musical tempo on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and distance run (DR) during a treadmill aerobic test in young male and female adults. Participants ran on the treadmill listening to music at 140 beats per minute (bpm; M140), 120 bpm (M120), or without music (NM). No significant sex differences were found on HR (M140 = 172.6 ± 12.7, M120 = 171.9 ± 11.1, NM = 170.1 ± 12.2 bpm, p = .312), RPE (M140 = 7.5 ± 1.4, M120 = 7.6 ± 1.3, NM = 7.6 ± 1.2, p = .931), or DR (M140 = 4,791.4 ± 2,681.1, M120 = 4,900.0 ± 2,916.9, NM = 4,356.1 ± 2,571.2 m, p = .715). Differences were found in the effect of tempo on HR between condition M140 and NM (172.6 ± 12.7 vs. 170.1 ± 12.2 bpm, p = .044, η2 = 0.32). In conclusion, musical tempo does not affect performance, physiological, or perceptual variables in young adults exercising on a treadmill at a constant speed.

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Effects of musical tempo on multiple subjective impressions

International Journal of Biometrics ◽

10.1504/ijbm.2010.031792 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 124 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Makoto Fukumoto ◽

Kazuhisa Matsuo

Keyword(s):

Musical Tempo

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Interactive musical participation with humanoid robots through the use of novel musical tempo and beat tracking techniques in the absence of auditory cues

2010 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots ◽

10.1109/ichr.2010.5686847 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel M. Lofaro ◽

Paul Oh ◽

JunHo Oh ◽

Youngmoo Kim

Keyword(s):

Humanoid Robots ◽

Auditory Cues ◽

Beat Tracking ◽

Musical Tempo

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Interactive Effects of Musical and Visual Cues on Time Perception: An Application to Waiting Lines in Banks

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.995 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 995-1020 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Jean-Charles Chebat ◽

Claire Gelinas-Chebat ◽

Pierre Filiatrault

Keyword(s):

Time Perception ◽

Visual Information ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Mood State ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Specific Situation ◽

Allocation Model ◽

Mediating Variables ◽

Musical Tempo

This study explores the interactive effects of musical and visual cues on time perception in a specific situation, that of waiting in a bank. Videotapes are employed to simulate the situation; a 2 × 3 factorial design ( N = 427) is used: 2 (high vs low) amounts of visual information and 2 (fast vs slow) levels of musical tempo in addition to a no-music condition. Two mediating variables are tested in the relation between the independent variables (musical and visual ones) and the dependent variable (perceived waiting time), mood and attention. Results of multivariate analysis of variance and a system of simultaneous equations show that musical cues and visual cues have no symmetrical effects: the musical tempo has a global (moderating) effect on the whole structure of the relations between dependent, independent, and mediating variables but has no direct influence on time perception. The visual cues affect time perception, the significance of which depends on musical tempo. Also, the “Resource Allocation Model of Time Estimation” predicts the attention-time relation better than Ornstein's “storage-size theory.” Mood state serves as a substitute for time information with slow music, but its effects are cancelled with fast music.

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