The role of semantic expectation versus written words stimuli involvement in N400 onset: A patented psychoverbal stimulation interface for EPs and reaction time recordings

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Dionisie ◽  
Hariton Costin ◽  
Elena Cojocaru ◽  
Cristina Dionisie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time

Chemical Availability of Bromide Dictates CsPbBr3 Nanocrystal Growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Je-Ruei Wen ◽  
Benjamin Roman ◽  
Freddy Rodriguez Ortiz ◽  
Noel Mireles Villegas ◽  
Nicholas Porcellino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Semiconductor Nanocrystal ◽  
Nanocrystal Growth ◽  
Chemical Availability

Lack of detailed understanding of the growth mechanism of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals has hindered sophisticated morphological and chemical control of this important emerging optoelectronic material. Here, we have elucidated the growth mechanism by slowing the reaction kinetics. When 1-bromohexane is used as an alternative halide source, bromide is slowly released into the reaction mixture, extending the reaction time from ~3 seconds to greater than 20 minutes. This enables us to monitor the phase evolution of products over the course of reaction, revealing that CsBr is the initial species formed, followed by Cs4PbBr6, and finally CsPbBr3. Further, formation of monodisperse CsBr nanocrystals is demonstrated in a bromide-deficient and lead-abundant solution. The CsBr can only be transformed into CsPbBr3 nanocubes if additional bromide is added. Our results indicate a fundamentally different growth mechanism for CsPbBr3 in comparison with more established semiconductor nanocrystal systems and reveal the critical role of the chemical availability of bromide for the growth reactions.<br>

Mechanistic Study of the Role of One-Component Resins in Rubber-to-Brass Bonding in Tires

2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Y. Patil ◽  
William J. van Ooij
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Coated Steel ◽  
Adhesion Promoters ◽  
Steel Cords ◽  
Adhesion Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion

Abstract Adhesion between rubber and brass-coated steel cords is enhanced by using resins as adhesion promoters. Experiments were carried out using a squalene liquid rubber modeling approach to study the effect of resins on the chemistry of the vulcanization reaction. The formation of new intermediates during vulcanization and changes in chemical concentrations with reaction time was studied using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis of the reacted squalene mixtures. Also, the effect of presence of resins on the surface of sulfidized brass cords was studied by analyzing the adhesion layer's elemental composition using the Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) characterization techniques. The changes in surface morphology of the adhesion layer with reaction time was noted by taking micrographs using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique. In this paper, a new mechanism is proposed for the role of resins in the improvement of initial and aged adhesion performance between rubber and brass-coated steel tire cords.

scholarly journals Tonal priming is resistant to changes in pitch height

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Prince ◽  
Dominique T Vuvan ◽  
Mark A. Schmuckler ◽  
Thomas T. Scott-Clark
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Ceiling Effect ◽  
Behavioral Study ◽  
Pitch Height ◽  
Chord Sequence ◽  
Tonal Context

Research on tonal priming has consistently shown that tonally expected events are processed more efficiently and has confirmed that the locus of the effect is cognitive rather than sensory. However, it is also important to investigate the role of pitch height, because models of tonal priming collapse across octaves, yet it is possible that pitch height may modulate the effectiveness of tonal priming. We systematically tested this issue by varying the pitch heights of a related (tonic) or a less-related (subdominant) target chord following a tonal context. Musically untrained participants (N = 30) made speeded consonant/dissonant judgments of the final chord of an eight-chord sequence. The effects of tonal priming emerged in accuracy and reaction time measures for all octaves, except for a ceiling effect on accuracy in the matching (original pitch height) condition. In a second experiment, we increased the shift to two octaves and compressed the chords to eliminate overlap between the target and context chords; again, tonal priming emerged. These findings have implications for the behavioral study of tonal priming and support the assumption of octave equivalence in computational models.

scholarly journals The role of the time factor in the manager functions

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Éva Bácsné Bába
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Time Factor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Management Work

The role of the time factor in management is increasing. Change directs attention to the time factor from the point of view of the organisation,and management does the same from that of the person. I examined the time management practice of managers of organisations related to agribusiness, and the reaction time characterising the adaption ability of the organisations through a questionnaire survey. I analysed the collected data with scientifically established statistical methods. During studying resources, managing tasks, change, reaction time and effect I explored the features of time as resource, the significance of the time factor, the improvability of time efficiency in the different managing functions, the factors supporting and hindering the quick reaction of organisations, and what rearrangements can be seen in management work nowadays.

THE ROLE OF PROCEDURAL LEARNING ABILITY IN AUTOMATIZATION OF L2 MORPHOLOGY UNDER DIFFERENT LEARNING SCHEDULES

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 923-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Procedural Learning ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Short Spacing ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Two Measures

AbstractThis paper reports on the reanalysis of Suzuki’s (2017) experiment and investigated the extent to which learning schedules influence automatization of second language (L2) morphology. Sixty participants were separated into two groups, which studied morphological rules for oral production under short-spacing (3.3-day intervals) and long-spacing learning conditions (7-day intervals). Their oral production test performance resulted in two measures of automatization: reaction time (RT) as an index of speedup and coefficient of variance (CV) as an index of stability/restructuring. The results showed that, while RT of both groups declined significantly after the training, the 3.3-day group exhibited greater propensity for restructuring than the 7-day group. Furthermore, procedural learning ability measured by the Tower of London task was significantly associated with RT, but not with CV, in the 3.3-day group only. These findings suggest that learning schedules and procedural learning ability influence different stages of automatization of L2 morphological learning.

Critical role of superior colliculus in enhancing behavioral accuracy but not reaction time by audiovisual integration

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. S171
Author(s):  
Junya Hirokawa ◽  
Osamu Sadakane ◽  
Shuzo Sakata ◽  
Miquel Bosch ◽  
Yoshio Sakurai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Audiovisual Integration

Diffusive Feedback Influences on Hierarchical Information Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Miyamoto ◽  
Jun Hasegawa ◽  
Meihong Zheng ◽  
Osamu Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Orientation Specificity ◽  
Membrane Oscillations ◽  
Reaction Speed

In visual information processing, feedforward projection from primary to secondary visual cortex (V1-to-V2) is essential for integrating combinations of oriented bars in order to extract angular information embedded within contours that represent the shape of objects. For feedback (V2-to-V1) projection, two distinct types of pathways have been observed: clustered projection and diffused projection. The former innervates V1 domains with a preferred orientation similar to that of V2 cells of origin. In contrast, the latter innervates without such orientation specificity. V2 cells send their axons to V1 domains with both similar and dissimilar orientation preferences. It is speculated that the clustered feedback projection has a role in contour integration. The role of the diffused feedback projection, however, remains to be seen. We simulated a minimal, functional V1-V2 neural network model. The diffused feedback projection contributed to achieving ongoing-spontaneous subthreshold membrane oscillations in V1 cells, thereby reducing the reaction time of V1 cells to a pair of bars that represents specific angular information. Interestingly, the feedback influence took place even before V2 responses, which might stem largely from ongoing-spontaneous signaling from V2. We suggest that the diffusive feedback influence from V2 could act early in V1 responses and accelerate their reaction speed to sensory stimulation in order to rapidly extract angular information.

Role of Neurocognitive Factors in Academic Fluency for Children and Adults With Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-265
Author(s):  
Paul T. Cirino ◽  
Paulina A. Kulesz ◽  
Amanda E. Child ◽  
Ashley L. Ware ◽  
Marcia A. Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Math Fluency ◽  
Differential Prediction ◽  
Nonverbal Reasoning ◽  
Academic Fluency ◽  
Academic Content

AbstractObjectives: Fluency is a major problem for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including fluency deficits for academic skills. The aim of this study was to determine neurocognitive predictors of academic fluency within and across domains of reading, writing, and math, in children and adults, with and without spina bifida. In addition to group differences, we expected some neurocognitive predictors (reaction time, inattention) to have similar effects for each academic fluency outcome, and others (dexterity, vocabulary, nonverbal reasoning) to have differential effects across outcomes. Methods: Neurocognitive predictors were reaction time, inattention, dexterity, vocabulary, and nonverbal reasoning; other factors included group (individuals with spina bifida, n=180; and without, n=81), age, and demographic and untimed academic content skill covariates. Univariate and multivariate regressions evaluated hypotheses. Results: Univariate regressions were significant and robust (R2=.78, .70, .73, for reading, writing, and math fluency, respectively), with consistent effects of covariates, age, reaction time, and vocabulary; group and group moderation showed small effect sizes (<2%). Multivariate contrasts showed differential prediction across academic fluency outcomes for reaction time and vocabulary. Conclusions: The novelty of the present work is determining neurocognitive predictors for an important outcome (academic fluency), within and across fluency domains, across population (spina bifida versus typical), over a large developmental span, in the context of well-known covariates. Results offer insight into similarities and differences regarding prediction of different domains of academic fluency, with implications for addressing academic weakness in spina bifida, and for evaluating similar questions in other neurodevelopmental disorders. (JINS, 2019, 25, 249–265)

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