Marmoset Monkeys Model Human Infant Gaze?

AbstractExperimental manipulation of gut microbes in animal models alters fear behavior and relevant neurocircuitry. In humans, the first year of life is a key period for brain development, the emergence of fearfulness, and the establishment of the gut microbiome. Variation in the infant gut microbiome has previously been linked to cognitive development, but its relationship with fear behavior and neurocircuitry is unknown. In this pilot study of 34 infants, we find that 1-year gut microbiome composition (Weighted Unifrac; lower abundance of Bacteroides, increased abundance of Veillonella, Dialister, and Clostridiales) is significantly associated with increased fear behavior during a non-social fear paradigm. Infants with increased richness and reduced evenness of the 1-month microbiome also display increased non-social fear. This study indicates associations of the human infant gut microbiome with fear behavior and possible relationships with fear-related brain structures on the basis of a small cohort. As such, it represents an important step in understanding the role of the gut microbiome in the development of human fear behaviors, but requires further validation with a larger number of participants.

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Comparison of two human infant urine collection methods for measuring estrone‐3‐glucuronide

American Journal of Physical Anthropology ◽

10.1002/ajpa.24299 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carlye Chaney ◽

Margaret Corley ◽

Claudia Valeggia

Keyword(s):

Human Infant ◽

Urine Collection ◽

Collection Methods

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Lactation, maternal behavior and infant growth in common marmoset monkeys ( Callithrix jacchus ): effects of maternal size and litter size

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ◽

10.1007/s002650100400 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 17-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Olav Oftedal ◽

Rachel Power ◽

Donna Layne ◽

Suzette Tardif ◽

Michael Power

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Maternal Behavior ◽

Common Marmoset ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

Infant Growth ◽

Maternal Size ◽

Marmoset Monkeys

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146 Prematurity Blunts the Protein Synthetic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Insulin and Amino Acids

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 118-119

Author(s):

Teresa A Davis ◽

Marko Rudar ◽

Jane Naberhuis ◽

Agus Suryawan ◽

Marta Fiorotto

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Human Infant ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽

Akt Phosphorylation ◽

Relative Body Weight

Abstract Livestock animals are important dual-purpose models that benefit both agricultural and biomedical research. The neonatal pig is an appropriate model for the human infant to assess long-term effects of early life nutrition on growth and metabolic outcomes. Previously we have demonstrated that prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. The objective of this study was to determine whether reduced sensitivity to insulin and/or amino acids drives this blunted response. Pigs were delivered by caesarean section at preterm (PT, 103 d gestation) or at term (T, 112 d gestation) and fed parenterally for 4 d. On day 4, pigs were subject to euinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (FAST), hyperinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (INS), or euinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic (AA) clamps for 120 min, yielding six treatments: PT-FAST (n = 7), PT-INS (n = 9), PT-AA (n = 9), T-FAST (n = 8), T-INS (n = 9), and T-AA (n = 9). A flooding dose of L-[4-3H]Phe was injected into pigs 30 min before euthanasia. Birth weight and relative body weight gain were lower in PT than T pigs (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentration was increased from ~3 to ~100 µU/mL in INS compared to FAST and AA pigs (P < 0.001); plasma BCAA concentration was increased from ~250 to ~1,000 µmol/L in AA compared to FAST and INS pigs (P < 0.001). Despite achieving similar insulin and amino acid levels, longissimus dorsi AKT phosphorylation, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)·Rheb abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-INS than T-INS pigs (Table 1). Although amino-acid induced dissociation of Sestrin2 from GATOR2 was not affected by prematurity, mTOR·RagA abundance, mTOR·RagC abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-AA than T-AA pigs. The impaired capacity of premature skeletal muscle to respond to insulin or amino acids and promote protein synthesis likely contributes to reduced lean mass accretion. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.

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Effect of Dietary Fat Composition and 2’Fucosyllactose on Neonatal Piglet Growth and Organ Lipid Composition

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1038-1038

Author(s):

Michael Miklus ◽

Pedro Prieto ◽

Cynthia Barber ◽

Robert Rhoads ◽

Samer El-Kadi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Human Infant ◽

Lps Challenge ◽

Group 3

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of 2’fucosyllactose (2’FL) and fat blends on growth, body composition and fatty acid profile of the liver and brain using the neonatal pig as a model for the human infant. Methods Pigs (3 d old) were randomly assigned to either: 1. control, 2. Palm Olein (PO) fat blend – Low 2'-FL, 3. PO – High 2'-FL, 4. High oleic acid (HO) – Low 2'-FL, 5. HO FB – High 2'-FL, 6. PO FB – GLA, or 7. kept with their sows. Pigs in groups 1 to 6 received 250 ml·kg−1·d−1 of formula in 5 equal meals for 15 d. On day 14 of the study, groups 1–6 received intraperitoneal E. coli LPS challenge at 100 µg·kg−1 weight. Results Body weight was greater for piglets fed by sows than those in the other groups (P < 0.001). In addition, % fat and bone mineral content were higher in the sow-fed group while lean % was less sow-fed piglets (group 7) compared with those in the other groups (P < 0.05). Only longissimus weight expressed as a % of body weight, was greater for group 7 compared with all other groups (P < 0.001). Soleus, semitendinosus, brain, heart and spleen weights as a % of body weight were similar across all groups. However, liver weight as a % of body weight was greater in groups 1–6 (3.7%) compared with group 7 (2.8%; P < 0.001). The proportion of brain 16:1 fatty acid was less (0.83%) for groups 1–6 than for group 7 pigs (1.08%; P < 0.0001). The proportion of 20:3 N6 was greatest (0.66%) for group 3 compared with groups 1 and 4 (0.55%; P < 0.05). In addition, the proportion of 20:5 N3 was greatest (0.12%) for group 3 compared with groups 1 and 7 (0.07%; P < 0.05). The proportion of liver 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 cis-11 fatty acids were greater for group 7 (2.3, 23, 2.2%) than groups 1–6 (0.2, 20, 1.2%; P < 0.0001). Conversely, the contribution of 14:0, 18:1 cis-9, 18:3 N6 cis-6,9,12, and 22:6 N3 were greater for pigs in groups 1–6 (1.3, 0.6, and 14, 7.8%) compared with those in group 7 (0.5, 8.5, 0.2 and 3.5%; P < 0.0001). Conclusions Our data suggest that feeding 2’fucosyllactose had no effect on the body weight gain and composition in neonatal pigs. Our data also suggest that dietary fatty acids have a greater effect on liver than on brain fatty acid composition. Funding Sources Funding for the work was provided by Perrigo Nutritionals, LLC.

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