Requirements documentation: why a formal basis is essential

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Parnas
Keyword(s):  
Formal Basis

scholarly journals Formal Codesign Methodology with Multistep Partitioning

VLSI Design ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Carchiolo ◽  
Michele Malgeri ◽  
Giuseppe Mangioni
Keyword(s):  
Formal Description ◽  
Formal Description Technique ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Target Architecture ◽  
Design Cycle ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
Step Algorithm ◽  
Description Technique ◽  
Hardware Performance

A codesign methodology is proposed which is suitable for control-dominated systems but can also be extended to more complex ones. Its main purpose is to optimize the trade-off between hardware performance and software reprogrammability and reconfigurability. The methodology proposed intends to cover the development of the whole system. It deals in greater detail with the steps that can be made without the need for any particular assumption regarding the target architecture. These steps concern splitting up the specification of the system into a set of individually synthesizable elements, and then grouping them for the subsequent mapping stage. In order to decrease the complexity of each partitioning attempt, a two step algorithm is proposed, thus permitting a wide exploration of possible solutions. The methodology is based on the TTL language, an extension of the T-LOTOS Formal Description Technique which provides a large amount of operators as well as a formal basis. Finally, an example pointing out the complete design cycle, excepting the allocation stage is provided.

Strongest postcondition semantics as the formal basis for reverse engineering

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald C. Gannod ◽  
Betty H. C. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Formal Basis

scholarly journals Scholarship and the Bahá’í Community

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Moojan Momen
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
Baha'i Faith ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vast Range

As the Bahá’í Faith emerges from obscurity, Bahá’í scholars will have an important role in three fields: the presentation of Bahá’í Faith to the world; the defense of the Bahá’í Faith from attacks; and the intellectual growth and development of the Bahá’í community. This paper discusses the question of the place of scholarship in the Bahá’í community. The value of Bahá’í studies to the Bahá’í community is analyzed. The problems that may arise for Bahá’í scholars in relation to their own spiritual life and also in relation to the Bahá’í community are discussed. Some suggestions are then made with regard to the question of what academic approaches are most likely to be fruitful in the study of the Bahá’í Faith. Finally, consideration is given to the mutual obligations of the Bahá’í scholar and the Bahá’í community (in particular, the Bahá’í administrative institutions). Every Bahá’í who surveys the vast range of doctrines and concepts enshrined in the holy writings of the Bahá’í Faith or whose imagination is captured by the intensity of its brief history must, to some extent, be inspired to make a more thorough study of some aspect that interests him or her. To some is given the good fortune to have both the opportunity and inclination to put this study on a more formal basis. Whether this be at an institute of learning or through private study and research, there are many areas of the teachings and history of the Bahá’í Faith that invite painstaking research and thoughtful analysis. Such study is of great benefit to the Bahá’í community as a whole, quite apart from the immense satisfaction that it can bring to the individual student. There are also dangers in such study, particularly for the individual concerned, and often the extent of this danger is not appreciated by someone just setting out on such a course of study.

scholarly journals VLBI in Australia ? A Review

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Jauncey
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Very Long Baseline Interferometry ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Long Baseline ◽  
The Status ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
Fruitful Research

After two decades of Australian VLBI (very long baseline interferometry), high-resolution radio astronomy continues to be an active and fruitful research field. The status of Australian VLBI programs in astrophysics, astrometry and geodesy is reviewed and likely future developments are outlined. In addition to research programs with the Australian VLBI network, a number of successful collaborative projects are underway with overseas VLBI observatories. The inception of the Asia-Pacific Telescope will provide an important formal basis for fostering and extending international VLBI experiments in the Australian hemisphere. The APT will also serve a vital function in coordinating ground-based observations when the Soviet and Japanese VLBI space missions, Radioastron and VSOP, are launched in the middle of this decade. However, continued viable Australian participation in VLBI into the nineties will require new wide-bandwidth recording systems and an Australian VLBI correlator.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE FREQUENCY AND RATIONALITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICINES IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Iryna Fediak ◽  
Oleksandra Maksymenko
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cirrhosis Of The Liver ◽  
Class V ◽  
Group A ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
Prescribed Medicines ◽  
Real Clinical Practice

The aim. Assessment of the dynamics of prescribing drugs to patients with liver cirrhosis (LC, K 74), in terms of real clinical practice by methods of clinical and economic analysis. Materials and methods. 355 medical cards of inpatients with cirrhosis of the liver, which were divided into 4 groups depending on the period of stay of patients in the hospital. Methods: compatible retrospective ABC-frequency analysis, which ranked drugs consumed by patients in real clinical practice, according to the frequency of appointment using ABC-segmentation according to the Pareto principle (A – 80 % of drugs appointments: B – 15 %: C – 5 %); VEN-analysis, which divides the consumed drugs on a formal basis depending on the presence / absence of a particular drug in the regulations: vital (Vital or V), necessary (Essential or E) and secondary (Non-essential or N). Results. Cirrhosis of the liver in recent years has been on the 10th - 11th place among the causes of death in the world. The analysis of prescribed drugs to patients with LC in real clinical practice in Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ukraine revealed that over the years doctors prescribed fewer drugs on average per patient (11.4 drugs → 8.8 drugs), which can be considered a positive fact. Among the prescribed drugs, drugs of group A – “Drugs that affect the digestive system and metabolism” prevailed, the share of which increased and was the highest in 2019 – 2020 (2007–2009 – 44.6 %; 2012–2013 – 46.6 %; 2015–2016 – 48.1 %; 2019–2020 – 48.55 %); the share of dietary supplements also increased from 1.65 % to 6.52 %. Conclusions. Combined ABC-frequency and VEN-analyzes showed that the leaders in the years of hospital stay were the following drugs: Sodium chloride, Ademetionine, Pantoprazole, Spironolactone, Thioctic acid, Ornithine, Asparaginate K-Mg, Torasemide, Furosemide. However, the vital class V included only 9–11 % of drugs from the whole set of prescribed drugs, which requires systemic correction in accordance with European recommendations.

Complexity

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Greenlaw ◽  
H. James Hoover ◽  
Walter L. Ruzzo
Keyword(s):  
Directed Graph ◽  
Decision Problem ◽  
Flow Problem ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complexity Classes ◽  
Search Problem ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Formal Basis

The goal of this chapter is to provide the formal basis for many key concepts that are used throughout the book. These include the notions of problem, definitions of important complexity classes, reducibility, and completeness, among others. Thus far, we have used the term "problem" somewhat vaguely. In order to compare the difficulty of various problems we need to make this concept precise. Problems typically come in two flavors: search problems and decision problems. Consider the following search problem, to find the value of the maximum flow in a network. Example 3.1.1 Maximum Flow Value (MaxFlow-V) Given: A directed graph G = (V,E) with each edge e labeled by an integer capacity c(e) ≥ 0, and two distinguished vertices, s and t. Problem: Compute the value of the maximum flow from source s to sink t in G. The problem requires us to compute a number — the value of the maximum flow. Note, in this case we are actually computing a function. Now consider a variant of this problem. Example 3.1.2 Maximum Flow Bit (MaxFlow-B) Given: A directed graph G = (V, E) with each edge e labeled by an integer capacity c(e)≥ 0, and two distinguished vertices, s and t, and an integer i. Problem: Is the ith bit of the value of the maximum flow from source s to sink t in G a 1? This is a decision problem version of the flow problem. Rather than asking for the computation of some value, the problem is asking for a "yes" or "no" answer to a specific question. Yet the decision problem MaxFlow-B is equivalent to the search problem MaxFlow-V in the sense that if one can be solved efficiently in parallel, so can the other. Why is this? First consider how solving an instance of MaxFlow-B can be reduced to solving an instance of MaxFlow-V. Suppose that you are asked a question for MaxFlow-B, that is, "Is bit i of the maximum flow a 1?" It is easy to answer this question by solving MaxFlow-V and then looking at bit i of the flow.

Knowledge Management Systems Procedural Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 975-981
Author(s):  
Javier Andrade ◽  
Santiago Rodríguez ◽  
María Seoane ◽  
Sonia Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Knowledge Management Systems ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Formal Basis

The success of the organisations is increasingly dependant on the knowledge they have, to the detriment of other traditionally decisive factors as the work or the capital (Tissen, 2000). This situation has led the organisations to pay special attention to this new intangible item, so numerous efforts are being done in order to conserve and institutionalise it. The Knowledge Management (KM) is a recent discipline replying this increasing interest; however, and despite its importance, this discipline is currently in an immature stage, as none of the multiple existing proposals for the development of Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) achieve enough detail for perform such complex task. In order to palliate the previous situation, this work presents a methodological framework for the explicit management of the knowledge. The study has a formal basis for achieving an increased level of detail, as all the conceptually elements needed for understanding and representing the knowledge of any domain are identified. The requested descriptive character is achieved when basing the process on these elements and, in this way, the development of the systems could be guided more effectively.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Banking Regulation: Its Challenges and Transition towards European Standards

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-81
Author(s):  
Olga Afanasyeva ◽  
Armin J. Kammel
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Eu

AbstractFor the last years, Ukraine and particulalry its financial sector were seeking to gradually apply and comply with EU standards. Latest with the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in 2014 the transition towards EU standards has a formal basis. Since then, Ukraine – with strong support from the EU – is in the process of implementing legislative and regulatory measures in order to comply with this Agreement. Against this background, this contribution wants to shed some light into Ukraine’s efforts as well as to explain some of the complexities of this process by providing an in-depth background of the current Ukrainian banking regulation, its economics and the challenges of complying with new EU standards.

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