Optimal trial number for D-optimal designs based on efficiency-cost ratio analysis

There is tremendous pressure on industry and laboratories to develop increasingly complex procucts: for example catalysts, chiral chemicals, drugs and ceramics; conform to regulations; cope with increasingly severe competition; and meet steadily increasing costs. It is difficult, in this situation, to remain productive and competitive. It is vital to be equipped with, and be able to use appropriately, all the suitable methodologies and technologies. Working methods and personnel have to be appropriate. The future depends on three interdependent domains: automation in the broadest sense of the word, instrumentation and information systems. The easy work has already been done. Between 1984 and 1990, it was a question of going from nothing to something; now, it is necessary to increase and optimize.Therefore, the crucial question is now: ‘how can we go quicker in experimentation and acquire more knowledge, while spending less money?’ One solution is to use all the aspects of automation (robotics, instrumentation, data). Successful laboratory automation depends.on: shortened time to market; improved efficiency/cost ratio; motivation/competence/ expertise; communication; and knowledge acquisition. This paper examines some of the major technological areas of application.

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The Efficiency of Water in Supporting Local Wisdom and Food Sustainability in Subak Sange, Bali Indonesia

Agromet ◽

10.29244/j.agromet.34.2.67-74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 67-74

Author(s):

Ni Made Delly Resiani ◽

I Wayan Sunanjaya

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Diversity Analysis ◽

Ratio Analysis ◽

Optimal Frequency ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Field Activity ◽

Efficient Water Use

Subak is local wisdom in Bali that has been practiced for centuries in managing irrigation water. Here we present the uniqueness of Subak to manage water with an example of Subak Sange, Gianyar, Bali. The field activity was carried out from April-September 2019. The research objectives were to analyze: (i) the characteristics of local wisdom in Subak Sange, (ii) the effect of irrigation water frequency on pest and disease outbreaks on tobacco yield, and (iii) the efficiency of water use in chili-tobacco intercropping. We combined several approaches to achieve the objectives, including an interview with farmer, diversity analysis, Romijn method, and revenue cost ratio. The results showed that the harmony of relations between farmers was bound by a belief in three elements socio-agrarian-religious. The excessive irrigation gave more pest and disease outbreaks, as shown in 6-irrigation frequencies. In addition, the occurrence of rotten root outbreaks was the highest (29%). The optimal frequency irrigation for yield of tobacco was 4-times, which produced 11.5 tons of dry chopped tobacco per hectare, and this frequency irrigation was much more efficient water use by 79% than rice plants. Based on revenue cost ratio analysis, the chili-tobacco intercropping with four times irrigation was feasible. The findings indicate that management of irrigation water in Subak Sange is promising to support food sustainability in the region.

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Karakteristik Petani dan Kelayakan Usahatani Cabai Besar (Capsiccum Annum L) dan Cabai Rawit (Capsiccum Frutescens L) di Sumatera Utara

Agricore: Jurnal Agribisnis dan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Unpad ◽

10.24198/agricore.v5i1.27139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Arifah Astining Cahya ◽

Rita Herawaty Br Bangun

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Chili Pepper ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Ratio Analysis ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Capital Financing ◽

C Value ◽

Benefit Cost

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan menganalisis kelayakan usahatani cabai besar dan cabai rawit di Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Karakteristik rumah tangga usaha tani cabai besar dan cabai rawit menunjukkan bahwa umur petani cabai besar dan cabai rawit sebagian besar berada di usia yang produktif, sebagian besar pendidikan petani masih rendah, pembiayaan modal berasal dari modal sendiri dan sebagian besar usahatani cabai besar dan cabai rawit tidak mendapatkan bimbingan atau penyuluhan. Analisis data dilakukan untuk melihat kelayakan usahatani cabai besar dan cabai rawit menggunakan analisis R/C (Return Cost Ratio) dan B/C (Benefit Cost Ratio). Berdasar hasil penghitungan pada usahatani cabai besar diperoleh nilai R/C>1 sebesar 1,56 dan B/C>0 sebesar 0,56. Penghitungan pada usahatani cabai rawit diperoleh nilai R/C>1 sebesar 1,93 dan B/C>0 sebesar 0,93. Dari hasil analisis usahatani cabai besar dan cabai rawit dapat disimpulkan bahwa usahatani ini layak dan menguntungkan secara ekonomi untuk diusahakan.Kata kunci: cabai, karakteristik, kelayakan usahataniAbstract This study aims to determine characteristics and analyze the feasibility of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L) and cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescent L) farming in Sumatera Utara . This research uses descriptive analysis. The data used in this study is secondary data. Household characteristics of chili pepper and cayenne pepper farming show that the age of farmers of chili pepper and cayenne pepper are mostly in productive age; most of the farmers' education is still low; capital financing comes from their capital and most of the chili pepper and cayenne pepper farming is not get guidance or counseling. Data analysis was carried out to see the feasibility of chili pepper and cayenne pepper farming using R / C (Revenue Cost Ratio) and B / C (Benefit Cost Ratio) analysis. Based on the results of calculations on chili pepper farming obtained R/C value 1,56 and B/C value 0,56. Calculation of the cayenne farming obtained R/C value 1,93 and B/C value 0,93. From the results of the analysis of chili pepper and cayenne pepper farming, it can be concluded that this farming is feasible and economically profitable to be cultivated..Keywords: business feasibility, characteristics, chili

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Model of a benefit/cost ratio analysis for comparison of environmental noise barriers.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.3383889 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 127 (3) ◽

pp. 1777-1777

Author(s):

Antonio P. Carvalho ◽

Pedro D. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Environmental Noise ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Ratio Analysis ◽

Noise Barriers ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Benefit Cost

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Research on folding suspension of multi-constrained rover based on the variation and fusion of rods and pairs

International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems ◽

10.1177/1729881417727336 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 172988141772733

Author(s):

Fei Yang ◽

Honghao Yue ◽

Meng Li ◽

Jianguo Tao ◽

Zongquan Deng

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Graph Theory ◽

Functional Diversity ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Engineering Application ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Planetary Rovers ◽

Limited Space ◽

Space Launch ◽

Efficiency Cost

Planetary rovers with folding functions can solve the contradiction between the limited space of the vehicle and the functional diversity of the rover and greatly improve the efficiency–cost ratio of space launch activities. In this article, the multi-constrained quadrilateral suspension is considered based on the practical requirements of planetary detection. Based on graph theory and metamorphic theory, the structural characteristics and movement patterns of the rover are analyzed, the configuration transforming process of adding or decreasing the number of rods and kinematic pairs during folding is studied, and the corresponding mathematical model is established. The suspension of the rover is divided into three basic units, and the folding study is performed around each unit. The folding set of each unit type is given, and a feasible folding set is selected for each type of unit according to their structural characteristics and constraint conditions. At the same time, 15-folding schemes for the rover are given, and the optimal scheme is determined. According to the final folding scheme of the rover, the principle prototype of the rover is developed, and the functional experiment of the folding and unfolding is performed. The experimental results verify the feasibility and rationality of the folding scheme, indicating that the developed detection vehicle has a large fold ratio, which can fully adapt to the limited space inside the rocket. The theoretical and technical results can provide technical support for the engineering application of subsequent rovers with folding.

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