An experimental investigation of the Distributed Electronic Load Controller: A new concept for voltage regulation in microhydro systems with transfer of excess power to household water heaters

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Nia Roodsari ◽  
E. P. Nowicki ◽  
P. Freere
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Electronic Load ◽  
Excess Power

Experimental Investigation of NOx and CO Emissions from Fuel Rich-Lean Flame of Natural Gas

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 3821-3825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang Cui ◽  
Guang Peng Li ◽  
Wei Guang Xu ◽  
Jian Bin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
O2 Diffusion ◽  
Co Emission

NOx and CO emissions of fuel rich-lean flame of natural gas water heaters were experimentally investigated. Fuel-rich and fuel-lean flame with different air factors were analyzed separately. Emission of fuel-rich flame is CO whereas emission of fuel-lean is NOx, and fuel rich-lean ratio is the most important factor for NOx and CO emission. If fuel-rich flame α1 is changed with constant fuel-lean flame α2, NOx emission decreases and CO emission increases evidently. If α2 is changed with constant α1, NOx decreases slightly and CO increases initially and then decreases. Depressing fuel-lean flame can strengthen excess O2 diffusion to fuel-rich flame, and then reduces NOx and CO emissions.

scholarly journals Using thermal transients at the outlet of electrical water heaters to recognise consumption patterns for heating schedule optimisation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Nel ◽  
MJ Booysen ◽  
A.B. van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Individual Behaviour ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Thermal Transients ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Algorithmic Solution ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Heating Schedule

In the midst of environmental concerns, and soaring energy costs and energy shortages, the efficiency of electrical household water heaters (EWHs) has been identified as an area with significant potential for savings. The benefits of applying optimised scheduling control for EWHs has been proven by various studies, however, little has been done to measure individual behaviour. This paper presents an alternative to the invasive and expensive solution of using water flow meters. A hardware and algorithmic solution is presented that uses thermal transients at the outlet of an EWH to measure consumption patterns. The results show that the approach is able to detect usage events with an accuracy of 91%. Despite the challenges related to thermal inaccuracies, event durations are estimated to within 2 minutes accuracy 79% of the time.

scholarly journals Kontrol Tegangan Self-Excited Induction Generator dengan Electronic Load Controller Terkontrol PID-GA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Ermanu Azizul Hakim ◽  
Rahayu Pandunengsih ◽  
Diding Suhardi ◽  
Novendra Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Pid Control ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Capacitor Bank ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Electronic Load ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Generator Terminal ◽  
Stable Voltage

Induction generator operation requires reactive power with external contactor. One of induction generator types, SEIG reactive power supplied by capacitor bank connected to generator terminal. SEIG is alternative energy conversion in small area or rural, SEIG has the main disadvantage of poor voltage regulation under various load conditions. ELC combine PID control which is optimized using Genetic Algorithm in order to maintain the stability of the voltage when the load varies. The result shows the SEIG system using ELC with PID-GA control worked to stable voltage in accordance with the standard with voltage tolerance of 10% when load change. The addition of GA to determine the value of the PID parameter where response system better with difference overshoot value start is 70.48%, when decrease load in 5 second by 44.3% and in the 10 second when increase load of 2 kW is 5.96% compared system with PID control without GA optimization.

Tap Water Scald Burns in Children, by K. W. Feldman, R. T. Schaller, J. A. Feldman, and M. McMillon,Pediatrics, 1978;62:1–7

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 256-258
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Rivara
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Household Water

Tap water scald burns account for 7% to 17% of all childhood scald burns that require hospitalization. Often the burns are severe and disabling. Toddlers and preschool children are the most frequent victims. In 45% of the injuries, the unsupervised victim or peer turned on the tap water; in 28% the cause was abuse. Eighty percent of the homes tested had unsafe bathtub water temperatures of 54°C (130°F) or higher, exposing the occupants to the risk of full-thickness scald with <30-second exposure to hot water. Such burns may be prevented passively by limiting household water temperatures to <52°C (125°F). New water heaters could be preset at this temperature, and families could be taught to turn down the temperature on existing units.

Tap Water Scald Burns in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Feldman ◽  
Robert T. Schaller ◽  
Jane A. Feldman ◽  
Mollie McMillon
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Household Water

Tap water scald burns account for 7% to 17% of all childhood scald burns that require hospitalization. Often the burns are severe and disabling. Toddlers and preschool children are the most frequent victims. In 45% of the injuries, the unsupervised victim or a peer turned on the tap water; in 28% the cause was abuse. Eighty percent of the homes tested had unsafe bathtub water temperatures of 54 C (130 F) or greater, exposing the occupants to the risk of full-thickness scalds with 30-second exposure to hot water. Such burns may be prevented passively by limiting household water temperatures to less than 52 C (125 F). New water heaters could be preset at this temperature and families could be taught to turn down the temperature on existing units.

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