The Form of The Presidential System in Indonesia: A Comparative Study of Several Countries

The purpose of this research is to determine how the form of the presidential system adopted by Indonesia and to compare the presidential system in Indonesia with several countries such as the United States, South Korea and the Philippines. The research method used in this study is a normative legal research which used statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach to examine the vacuum of norm regarding the presidential system in Indonesia. The results show that Indonesia adheres to non pure presidential system, namely a quasi-presidential system which is indicated by the horizontal relationship between state institutions. In the implementation of the presidential government system, every country has different characteristics so that it undergoes modifications depending on the situation and conditions of the country that adheres to it. When Indonesian presidential system compared with the United States, South Korea and the Philippines, it will show the special characteristics and weaknesses of each country. The indicators used in comparing presidential systems in several countries are the form of the presidential system, special characteristics, and weaknesses which in general are excess power in the executive.

Multi-Objective Energy Management Strategy for PV/FC Hybrid Power Systems

In this paper, a new control of the DC–DC power converter that interfaces the fuel cell (FC) system with the DC bus of the photovoltaic (PV) power system is proposed to increase the battery lifespan by its operating in charge-sustained mode. Thus, the variability of the PV power and the load demand is compensated by the FC power generated considering the power flows balance on the DC bus. During peak PV power, if the PV power exceeds the load demand, then the excess power on the DC bus will power an electrolyzer. The FC system operation as a backup energy source is optimized using a new fuel economy strategy proposed for fueling regulators. The fuel optimization function considers the fuel efficiency and electrical efficiency of the FC system to maximize fuel economy. The fuel economy obtained in the scenarios considered in this study is compared with reference strategies reported in the literature. For example, under scenarios considered in this paper, the fuel economy is between 4.82–20.71% and 1.64–3.34% compared to a commercial strategy based on static feed-forward (sFF) control and an advanced strategy recently proposed in the literature, respectively.

Implementation of Non-Isolated Zeta-KY Triple Port Converter for Renewable Energy Applications

This paper proposes a three-port Zeta-KY dc-dc converter which is fed with hybrid sources like photovoltaic (PV) cells and batteries. The converter proposed here is a multi-input single-output (MISO) structure which harnesses the benefits of Zeta and KY converters. The combination of these converters is highly advantageous since the Zeta converter provides lesser output voltage ripples with high gain and the KY converter topology suits well for withstanding load transients. The KY converter used in this research work is subjected to a topological change to facilitate bidirectional power flow. The bidirectional flow is essential to save the excess power in PV source in batteries during low load conditions. This novel multiport topology with bidirectional facility is first of its kind and has not been discussed earlier in the research arena. In the proposed work, two control algorithms are developed and deployed: the first one ensures the maximum power extraction from the PV and the second one maintains constant dc bus voltage and manages bidirectional power flow. MATLAB Simulink and hardware prototype of the proposed system has been realized for a 72 V dc bus and a 500 W electric vehicular drive. The simulation and experimental results reveal that the proposed system is viable for medium power electric shuttle applications. The proposed system is subjected to various test cases and it is observed that the source and load intermittencies are catered very well by the proposed three port Zeta-KY converter. The developed multiport converter is feasible for renewable energy applications.

FPGA USAGE FOR PROCESSING IMAGE OF LASER BEAM

Considered modern problems of laser image processing. An analysis of existing solutions and recent research in the field of image processing of laser beam. Determined that the latter solutions have a number of disadvantages in terms of increasing the speed and density of information flow. There are also problems with excessive power consumption during image processing due to excess power. Also presented method of processing image of laser beam with the use of FPGA and parallelhierarchical transformation. Performing simulation modeling of methods for processing the coordinates of laser beam spots and its results are presented. Presented comparison of the results of image processing using a personal computer and using FPGA. The obtained results allow to evaluate the efficiency of FPGA application and methods with the use of parallel-hierarchical transformation during image processing of laser beams. Due to low power consumption and efficient image processing using FPGA and parallelhierarchical transformation - this technology has great prospects for use in the automotive industry. It can be used to improve the development of unmanned vehicle control, especially for electric vehicles.

Feasibility of Democratisation in Sub-Sahara Africa, A study of South Africa after Apartheid system

<p>This article explores the intellectual ideas of Ake on feasibility of democratisation in Africa. Democratisation is feasible as government focuses on the real people irrespective of racial affinity. In the past, the apartheid government in South Africa was adjudged as obstacle to democracy because majority black were marginalised in the representative democracy. The African National Congress (ANC) developed a pressure against undemocratic laws of apartheid rule. This process translated to Trust Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a driving-mechanism towards peaceful negotiation in the country. While this is true, this article argues that transition to democratisation in 1994 by founding elections marked the beginning of a representative government. This article contests the current practice of democratisation by political disconnection of the popular party after the death of President Nelson Mandela. Finally, it is argued that feasibility of democracy is economic empowerment of the people but was trivialised in the country. The article further states the characters which marred democratisation process after the post-third wave. The article submits that there was adequate oversight functions which checked the excess power of executive arm and the others. This de facto is justified by the action of opposition parties such as EFF, DA, and IFP in the Freedom House. As a result, triangulation politics is recommended as mechanism which can promote national unity in the country.</p><p> </p>

Progress in Advanced Properties of Electrowetting Displays

Electrowetting display (EWD) has promising prospects in the electronic paper industry due to it having superior characteristics, such as the ability to provide a comfortable reading experience and quick response. However, in real applications, there are also problems related to dielectric deterioration, excess power consumption, optical instability and narrow color gamut etc. This paper reviewed the existing challenges and recent progress made in terms of improving the optical performance and reliability of EWD. First, the principle of electrowetting applied in small and confined configurations is introduced and the cause of the failure of the dielectric layer is analyzed. Then, the function of the pixel structures is described to avoid display defects. Next, electric signal modulations are compared in terms of achieving good image quality and optical stability. Lastly, the methods are presented for color panel realization. It was concluded that multi-layer dielectrics, three-dimensional pixel structures, proper electric frequency-and-amplitude modulation and an RGB color panel are expected to resolve the current limitations and contribute to designing advanced reflective displays.

Study on Re-Energization Capability of a Hybrid Windfarm under a Microgrid-based Restoration Strategy

Under a microgrid based (bottom-up) restoration strategy, considering a disaster related outage, the local generation is required to energize and supply the unaffected part of the network. Considering 100% renewable generation, only hydro based generation systems, if well equipped, can be able to blackstart and re-energize the network. Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs) have been restricted to the latter stages of restoration due to their source intermittency and non-dispatchability and in order for them to participate in the initial restoration stages, voltage and frequency support auxiliary devices are required. This paper investigates the capability of a hybrid windfarm to participate in the initial stages of restoration similar to a conventional blackstart unit: Re-energization of the various network components and pick up of load. The auxiliary equipment in this case is a dump load to absorb excess power produced by the windfarm and a synchronous condenser to provide a stable voltage reference required for normal operation of the WECS. Firstly, the nominal range of operation is determined with an additional pitch control mode linking the dump load power to individual WECSs introduced for frequency control. Flicker and harmonics are investigated in determination of the hosting capacity. Studies are undertaken to investigate energization of transformers, underground cables, overhead lines and other non-blackstart units (including other WECSs). Consideration is given to Type 1 and Type 3 WECSs to investigate the capability of a non-inverter and inverter based WECS. MATLAB/Simulink has been used as the simulation platform due to its modelling flexibility.