The interface challenge for semi-automated vehicles: how driver behavior and trust influence information requirements over time

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Ulahannan ◽  
Stewart Birrell ◽  
Simon Thomson ◽  
Lee Skyrpchuk ◽  
Alex Mouzakitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Information Requirements ◽  
Over Time

First encounter effects in testing of highly automated vehicles during two experimental occasions – The need for recurrent testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Andersson ◽  
Azra Habibovic ◽  
Daban Rizgary
Keyword(s):  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Over Time

Abstract To explore driver behavior in highly automated vehicles (HAVs), independent researchers are mainly conducting short experiments. This limits the ability to explore drivers’ behavioral changes over time, which is crucial when research has the intention to reveal human behavior beyond the first-time use. The current paper shows the methodological importance of repeated testing in experience and behavior related studies of HAVs. The study combined quantitative and qualitative data to capture effects of repeated interaction between drivers and HAVs. Each driver ( n = 8 n=8 ) participated in the experiment on two different occasions (∼90 minutes) with one-week interval. On both occasions, the drivers traveled approximately 40 km on a rural road at AstaZero proving grounds in Sweden and encountered various traffic situations. The participants could use automated driving (SAE level 4) or choose to drive manually. Examples of data collected include gaze behavior, perceived safety, as well as interviews and questionnaires capturing general impressions, trust and acceptance. The analysis shows that habituation effects were attenuated over time. The drivers went from being exhilarated on the first occasion, to a more neutral behavior on the second occasion. Furthermore, there were smaller variations in drivers’ self-assessed perceived safety on the second occasion, and drivers were faster to engage in non-driving related activities and become relaxed (e. g., they spent more time glancing off road and could focus more on non-driving related activities such as reading). These findings suggest that exposing drivers to HAVs on two (or more) successive occasions may provide more informative and realistic insights into driver behavior and experience as compared to only one occasion. Repeating an experiment on several occasions is of course a balance between the cost and added value, and future research should investigate in more detail which studies need to be repeated on several occasions and to what extent.

Take-Over Time in Highly Automated Vehicles

2018 ◽  
pp. 52-74
Author(s):  
Alexander Eriksson ◽  
Neville A. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals A temporal analysis of safety drivers taking back control in public roadway automated driving trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1532-1536
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Corcoran ◽  
Daniel V. McGehee ◽  
T. Zachary Noonan
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environment Research ◽  
Operational Design ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Over Time

In 2019, industry is in the testing stages of level 4 SAE/NHTSA automated vehicles. While in testing, L4 vehicles require a safety driver to monitor the driving task at all times. These specially trained drivers must take back control if the vehicle doesn’t seem to be responding correctly to the ever-changing roadway and environment. Research suggests that monitoring the driving task can lead to a decrease in vigilance over time. Recently, Waymo publicly released takeover request and mileage data on its 2018 L4 autonomous vehicle takeover requests. From this data, which was represented in mileage, we created temporal metric which showed that there were typically 150-250 hours without a takeover request. From this we suggest that there may be a decrement in vigilance for Waymo safety drivers. While there are still many unknowns, we suggest Waymo release takeover requests in terms of time rather than mileage and provide more information on the operational design domains of these vehicles. Expanding the content of this publicly-released data could then give researchers and the public more understanding of the conditions under which safety drivers are functioning.

Optimization of Lateral Wandering of Automated Vehicles to Reduce Hydroplaning Potential and to Improve Pavement Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fujie Zhou ◽  
Sheng Hu ◽  
Susan T. Chrysler ◽  
Yangwoo Kim ◽  
Ivan Damnjanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Design System ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Over Time

The deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) has many potential benefits, such as reductions in congestion and emissions, and safety improvements. However, two notable aspects of AVs are their impact on roadway hydroplaning and pavement life. Since most AVs are programmed to follow a set path and maintain a lateral position in the center of the lane, over time, significant rutting will occur in asphalt surfaced pavements. This study measured AV lateral wandering patterns and compared them with human driven vehicles. Both wandering patterns could be modeled with a normal distribution but have significantly different standard deviations. AVs have a standard deviation for the lateral traffic wander pattern at least three times smaller than human driven vehicles. The influences of AVs with smaller lateral wandering on pavement rutting and fatigue life were analyzed with the Texas Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design system. The research discovered that AVs would shorten pavement fatigue life by 20%. Additionally, pavement rut depths (RD) increased by 13% and reached critical values of the RD 30% earlier. Deeper ruts formed more quickly leading to thicker water films on wet roads, and consequently, a much higher risk of hydroplaning. The research also calculated maximum tolerable RDs at different hydroplaning speeds. AVs have a much smaller tolerable RD human driven vehicles because of a greater water film in the rutted wheel path. This research thus proposed an optimal AV lateral wandering pattern: a uniform distribution. A uniformly distributed lateral wandering pattern for AVs prolongs pavement fatigue life, reduces pavement RD, and decreases hydroplaning potential.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

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