Effect of the Base Station Antenna Beam Tilting on Energy Consumption in Cellular Networks

Energy efficiency in cellular networks has received significant attention from both academia and industry because of the importance of reducing the operational expenditures and maintaining the profitability of cellular networks, in addition to making these networks “greener.” Because the base station is the primary energy consumer in the network, efforts have been made to study base station energy consumption and to find ways to improve energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a brief review of the techniques that have been used recently to improve energy efficiency, such as energy-efficient power amplifier techniques, time-domain techniques, cell switching, management of the physical layer through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) management, heterogeneous network architectures based on Micro-Pico-Femtocells, cell zooming, and relay techniques. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to contribute to a better understanding of each of the techniques and thereby offer clear insights to researchers about how to choose the best ways to reduce energy consumption in future green radio networks.

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Impact of service rates and base station switching granularity on energy consumption of cellular networks

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking ◽

10.1186/1687-1499-2012-342 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Josip Lorincz ◽

Antonio Capone ◽

Dinko Begusic

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Cellular Networks ◽

Base Station ◽

Service Rates

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A Dynamic Programming Approach for Base Station Sleeping in Cellular Networks

IEICE Transactions on Communications ◽

10.1587/transcom.e95.b.551 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol E95-B (2) ◽

pp. 551-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Jie GONG ◽

Sheng ZHOU ◽

Zhisheng NIU

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Programming ◽

Cellular Networks ◽

Base Station ◽

Programming Approach ◽

Dynamic Programming Approach

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Performance Analysis of RNC Clustering Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control ◽

10.2174/2210327910666191218143503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Piyush Rawat ◽

Siddhartha Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Network Performance ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Cluster Head ◽

Base Station ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Threshold Function ◽

Efficient Manner ◽

Clustering Protocol

Background and Objective: The functionalities of wireless sensor networks (WSN) are growing in various areas, so to handle the energy consumption of network in an efficient manner is a challenging task. The sensor nodes in the WSN are equipped with limited battery power, so there is a need to utilize the sensor power in an efficient way. The clustering of nodes in the network is one of the ways to handle the limited energy of nodes to enhance the lifetime of the network for its longer working without failure. Methods: The proposed approach is based on forming a cluster of various sensor nodes and then selecting a sensor as cluster head (CH). The heterogeneous sensor nodes are used in the proposed approach in which sensors are provided with different energy levels. The selection of an efficient node as CH can help in enhancing the network lifetime. The threshold function and random function are used for selecting the cluster head among various sensors for selecting the efficient node as CH. Various performance parameters such as network lifespan, packets transferred to the base station (BS) and energy consumption are used to perform the comparison between the proposed technique and previous approaches. Results and Discussion: To validate the working of the proposed technique the simulation is performed in MATLAB simulator. The proposed approach has enhanced the lifetime of the network as compared to the existing approaches. The proposed algorithm is compared with various existing techniques to measure its performance and effectiveness. The sensor nodes are randomly deployed in a 100m*100m area. Conclusion: The simulation results showed that the proposed technique has enhanced the lifespan of the network by utilizing the node’s energy in an efficient manner and reduced the consumption of energy for better network performance.

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QoS Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control ◽

10.2174/2210327908666180703143435 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52

Author(s):

Omkar Singh ◽

Vinay Rishiwal

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Network Lifetime ◽

Life Time ◽

Base Station ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

End To End

Background & Objective: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consist of huge number of tiny senor nodes. WSN collects environmental data and sends to the base station through multi-hop wireless communication. QoS is the salient aspect in wireless sensor networks that satisfies end-to-end QoS requirement on different parameters such as energy, network lifetime, packets delivery ratio and delay. Among them Energy consumption is the most important and challenging factor in WSN, since the senor nodes are made by battery reserved that tends towards life time of sensor networks. Methods: In this work an Improve-Energy Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Hierarchy (I-EAMMH) QoS based routing approach has been proposed and evaluated that reduces energy consumption and delivers data packets within time by selecting optimum cost path among discovered routes which extends network life time. Results and Conclusion: Simulation has been done in MATLAB on varying number of rounds 400- 2000 to checked the performance of proposed approach. I-EAMMH is compared with existing routing protocols namely EAMMH and LEACH and performs better in terms of end-to-end-delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as reduces the energy consumption 13%-19% and prolongs network lifetime 9%- 14%.

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A Split Network based Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Network Stability

International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control ◽

10.2174/2210327909666190208152955 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 480-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hardeep S. Saini ◽

Dinesh Arora

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Cluster Head ◽

Base Station ◽

Operating Efficiency ◽

Network Stability ◽

Major Factors ◽

Ch Selection

Background & Objective: The operating efficiency of a sensor network totally relies upon the energy that is consumed by the nodes to perform various tasks like data transmission etc. Thus, it becomes mandatory to consume the energy in an intelligent way so that the network can run for a long period. This paper proposed an energy efficient Cluster Head (CH) selection mechanism by considering the distance to Base Station (BS), distance to node and energy as major factors. The concept of volunteer node is also introduced with an objective to reduce the energy consumption of the CH to transmit data from source to BS. The role of the volunteer node is to transmit the data successfully from source to destination or BS. Conclusion: The results are observed with respect to the Alive nodes, dead nodes and energy consumption of the network. The outcome of the proposed work proves that it outperforms the traditional mechanisms.

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN SMART GRIDS

Revista TECNIA ◽

10.21754/tecnia-26012016.02 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Carlos Deyvinson Reges Bessa

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Network Routing ◽

Base Station ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Delay Jitter ◽

La Red

ABSTRACTThis work aims to study which wireless sensor network routing protocol is more suitable for Smart Grids applications, through simulation of AODV protocols, AOMDV, DSDV and HTR in the NS2 simulation environment. Was simulated a network based on a residential area with 47 residences, with one node for each residence and one base station, located about 25m from the other nodes. Many parameters, such as packet loss, throughput, delay, jitter and energy consumption were tested. The network was increased to 78 and 93 nodes in order to evaluate the behavior of the protocols in larger networks. The tests proved that the HTR is the routing protocol that has the best results in performance and second best in energy consumption. The DSDV had the worst performance according to the tests.Key words.- Smart grid, QoS analysis, Wireless sensor networks, Routing protocols.RESUMENEste trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar el protocolo de enrutamiento de la red de sensores inalámbricos es más adecuado para aplicaciones de redes inteligentes, a través de la simulación de protocolos AODV, AOMDV, DSDV y HTR en el entorno de simulación NS2. Se simuló una red basada en una zona residencial con 47 residencias, con un nodo para cada residencia y una estación base, situada a unos 25 metros de los otros nodos. Muchos parámetros, tales como la pérdida de paquetes, rendimiento, retardo, jitter y el consumo de energía se probaron. La red se incrementó a 78 y 93 nodos con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento de los protocolos de redes más grandes. Las pruebas demostraron que el HTR es el protocolo de enrutamiento que tiene los mejores resultados en el rendimiento y el segundo mejor en el consumo de energía. El DSDV tuvo el peor desempeño de acuerdo a las pruebas.Palabras clave.- redes inteligentes, análisis de calidad de servicio, redes de sensores inalámbricas, protocolos de enrutamiento.

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