Geographical variation of floral scents in generalist entomophilous species with variable pollinator communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha de Manincor ◽  
Benjamin Andreu ◽  
Bruno Buatois ◽  
Hineiti Lou Chao ◽  
Nina Hautekèete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Floral Scents

Estimation of geographical variation of cancer risks in drinking water in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
K. Ohno ◽  
E. Kadota ◽  
Y. Kondo ◽  
T. Kamei ◽  
Y. Magara
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plausible Reason

The cancer risks posed by ten substances in raw and purified water were estimated for each municipality in Japan to compare risks between raw and purified water, and inter-municipality. Water concentrations were estimated by use of statistical data. Assigning cancer unit risks to each substance and applying the assumption of additive toxicological effects to multiple carcinogens, total cancer risks of the waters were estimated. As a result, the geometric means of total cancer risks in raw and purified water were 1.16×10−5 and 2.18×10−5, respectively. In raw water, the contribution ratio of arsenic to total cancer risk accounted for 97%. In purified water, that of four trihalomethanes (THMs) accounted for 54%. The increase of total cancer risks in purified water was due to THMs. In regard to the geographical variation, the relationship between population size and total cancer risks were investigated. The result was that there were higher cancer risks in the big cities with the population more than a million both in raw and purified water. One plausible reason for the higher risks in purified water in the big cities is a larger chlorination dose due to the huge water supply areas. The reason for the increase in raw water remained unclear.

scholarly journals Floral Scent and Pollinators of Cypripedium calceolus L. at Different Latitudes

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Herbert Braunschmid ◽  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
Stefan Dötterl
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Octyl Acetate ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Floral scent is an important trait in plant–pollinator interactions. It not only varies among plant species but also among populations within species. Such variability might be caused by various non–selective factors, or, as has been shown in some instances, might be the result of divergent selective pressures exerted by variable pollinator climates. Cypripedium calceolus is a Eurasian deceptive orchid pollinated mainly by bees, which spans wide altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in mainly quite isolated populations. In the present study, we investigated whether pollinators and floral scents vary among different latitudes. Floral scents of three C. calceolus populations in the Southern Alps were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These data were completed by previously published scent data of the Northern Alps and Scandinavia. The scent characteristics were compared with information on pollinators recorded for present study or available in the literature. More than 80 scent compounds were overall recorded from plants of the three regions, mainly aliphatics, terpenoids, and aromatics. Seven compounds were found in all samples, and most samples were dominated by linalool and octyl acetate. Although scents differed among regions and populations, the main compounds were similar among regions. Andrena and Lasioglossum species were the main pollinators in all three regions, with Andrena being relatively more abundant than Lasioglossum in Scandinavia. We discuss natural selection mediated by pollinators and negative frequency–dependent selection as possible reasons for the identified variation of floral scent within and among populations and regions.

Geographical variation in the bill–flower fit in a plant–pollinator interaction in western Mexico

Biotropica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisol Ocampo‐Sandoval ◽  
María del Coro Arizmendi‐Arriaga ◽  
Mark E. Olson ◽  
Luis A. Sánchez‐González
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Plant Pollinator

scholarly journals Geographical variation and clustering are found in atrial fibrillation beyond socioeconomic differences: a Danish cohort study, 1987–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstine Wodschow ◽  
Kristine Bihrmann ◽  
Mogens Lytken Larsen ◽  
Gunnar Gislason ◽  
Annette Kjær Ersbøll
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Geographical Variations

Abstract Background The prevalence and incidence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) increase worldwide and AF is a risk factor for more adverse cardiovascular diseases including stroke. Approximately 44% of AF cases cannot be explained by common individual risk factors and risk might therefore also be related to the environment. By studying geographical variation and clustering in risk of incident AF adjusted for socioeconomic position at an individual level, potential neighbourhood risk factors could be revealed. Methods Initially, yearly AF incidence rates 1987–2015 were estimated overall and stratified by income in a register-based cohort study. To examine geographical variation and clustering in AF, we used both spatial scan statistics and a hierarchical Bayesian Poisson regression analysis of AF incidence rates with random effect of municipalities (n = 98) in Denmark in 2011–2015. Results The 1987–2015 cohort included 5,453,639 individuals whereof 369,800 were diagnosed with an incident AF. AF incidence rate increased from 174 to 576 per 100,000 person-years from 1987 to 2015. Inequality in AF incidence rate ratio between highest and lowest income groups increased from 23% in 1987 to 38% in 2015. We found clustering and geographical variation in AF incidence rates, with incidence rates at municipality level being up to 34% higher than the country mean after adjusting for socioeconomic position. Conclusions Geographical variations and clustering in AF incidence rates exist. Compared to previous studies from Alberta, Canada and the United States, we show that geographical variations exist in a country with free access to healthcare and even when accounting for socioeconomic differences at an individual level. An increasing social inequality in AF was seen from 1987 to 2015. Therefore, when planning prevention strategies, attention to individuals with low income should be given. Further studies focusing on identification of neighbourhood risk factors for AF are needed.

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