scholarly journals Floral Scent and Pollinators of Cypripedium calceolus L. at Different Latitudes

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Herbert Braunschmid ◽  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
Stefan Dötterl
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Octyl Acetate ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Floral scent is an important trait in plant–pollinator interactions. It not only varies among plant species but also among populations within species. Such variability might be caused by various non–selective factors, or, as has been shown in some instances, might be the result of divergent selective pressures exerted by variable pollinator climates. Cypripedium calceolus is a Eurasian deceptive orchid pollinated mainly by bees, which spans wide altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in mainly quite isolated populations. In the present study, we investigated whether pollinators and floral scents vary among different latitudes. Floral scents of three C. calceolus populations in the Southern Alps were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These data were completed by previously published scent data of the Northern Alps and Scandinavia. The scent characteristics were compared with information on pollinators recorded for present study or available in the literature. More than 80 scent compounds were overall recorded from plants of the three regions, mainly aliphatics, terpenoids, and aromatics. Seven compounds were found in all samples, and most samples were dominated by linalool and octyl acetate. Although scents differed among regions and populations, the main compounds were similar among regions. Andrena and Lasioglossum species were the main pollinators in all three regions, with Andrena being relatively more abundant than Lasioglossum in Scandinavia. We discuss natural selection mediated by pollinators and negative frequency–dependent selection as possible reasons for the identified variation of floral scent within and among populations and regions.

scholarly journals Does the Rarity of a Flower’s Scent Phenotype in a Deceptive Orchid Explain Its Pollination Success?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Braunschmid ◽  
Stefan Dötterl
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Dynamic Headspace ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Two Populations

Floral scent, a key mediator in plant–pollinator interactions, varies not only among plant species, but also within species. In deceptive plants, it is assumed that variation in floral scents and other traits involved in pollinator attraction is maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection, i.e., rare phenotypes are more attractive to pollinators and hence, have a higher fitness than common phenotypes. So far, it is unknown whether the rarity of multivariate and/or continuous floral scent traits influences the pollination success of flowers. Here, we tested in the deceptive orchid Cypripedium calceolus, whether flowers with rarer scent bouquets within a population have a higher chance to getting pollinated than flowers with more common scents. We collected the scent of more than 100 flowers in two populations by dynamic headspace and analyzed the samples by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). From the same flowers we also recorded whether they set a fruit or not. We introduced rarity measures of uni- and multivariate floral scent traits for single flowers, which allowed us to finally test for frequency-dependent pollination, a prerequisite for negative frequency-dependent selection. Our results do not show rarity has an effect on the likelihood to set fruits in neither of the two populations and in none of the scent characteristics analyzed. Hence, there is no evidence of negative frequency-dependent pollination mediated by the floral scent of C. calceolus. We discuss that our approach to determine rarity of a scent is applicable to any univariate or multivariate (semi)quantitative trait.

scholarly journals Floral Scents of a Deceptive Plant Are Hyperdiverse and Under Population-Specific Phenotypic Selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Gfrerer ◽  
Danae Laina ◽  
Marc Gibernau ◽  
Roman Fuchs ◽  
Martin Happ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Arum Maculatum ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
North And South

Floral scent is a key mediator in plant-pollinator interactions. However, little is known to what extent intraspecific scent variation is shaped by phenotypic selection, with no information yet in deceptive plants. In this study, we collected inflorescence scent and fruit set of the deceptive moth fly-pollinated Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) from six populations north vs. five populations south of the Alps, accumulating to 233 samples in total, and tested for differences in scent, fruit set, and phenotypic selection on scent across this geographic barrier. We recorded 289 scent compounds, the highest number so far reported in a single plant species. Most of the compounds occurred both north and south of the Alps; however, plants of the different regions emitted different absolute and relative amounts of scent. Fruit set was higher north than south of the Alps, and some, but not all differences in scent could be explained by differential phenotypic selection in northern vs. southern populations. This study is the first to provide evidence that floral scents of a deceptive plant are under phenotypic selection and that phenotypic selection is involved in shaping geographic patterns of floral scent in such plants. The hyperdiverse scent of A. maculatum might result from the imitation of various brood substrates of its pollinators.

scholarly journals Floral scents of a deceptive plant are hyperdiverse and under population-specific phenotypic selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gfrerer Eva ◽  
Laina Danae ◽  
Gibernau Marc ◽  
Fuchs Roman ◽  
Happ Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Arum Maculatum ◽  
Plant Pollinator

ABSTRACTFloral scent is a key mediator in plant-pollinator interactions; however, little is known to what extent intraspecific scent variation is shaped by phenotypic selection, with no information yet in deceptive plants. We recorded 291 scent compounds in deceptive moth fly-pollinated Arum maculatum from various populations north vs. south of the Alps, the highest number so far reported in a single plant species. Scent and fruit set differed between regions, and some, but not all differences in scent could be explained by differential phenotypic selection in northern vs. southern populations. Our study is the first to provide evidence that phenotypic selection is involved in shaping geographic patterns of floral scent in deceptive plants. The hyperdiverse scent of A. maculatum might result from the plant’s imitation of various brood substrates of its pollinators.

Genetic diversity, compatibility patterns and seed quality in isolated populations of Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Æ. Pedersen ◽  
Hanne N. Rasmussen ◽  
Imalka M. Kahandawala ◽  
Michael F. Fay
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus

Queens of Bombus diversus tersatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are innately attracted to floral scents emitted by Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-376
Author(s):  
Ryohei Kubo ◽  
Masato Ono
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Solvent Control ◽  
Cremastra Appendiculata ◽  
Methyl Dodecanoate ◽  
Methyl Decanoate ◽  
Antennal Responses

AbstractThe rewarding orchid, Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae), has a strong floral scent and is pollinated by long-tongued bumble bee queens (Bombus diversus tersatus Smith; Hymenoptera: Apidae). The response of queens of B. diversus tersatus to the scent of C. appendiculata was investigated using a gas chromatography–electroantennographic detector system and Y-tube olfactometer. Gas chromatography–electroantennographic detector analysis of flower extracts showed that seven compounds (nerol, methyl decanoate, methyl dodecanoate, methyl tetradecanoate, methyl hexadecanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, and ethyl tetradecanoate) elicited antennal responses from B. diversus tersatus queens. Further, Y-tube olfactometer test results showed that queens significantly preferred both the flower extracts and synthetic mixture of seven EAD active compounds compared with pentane (a solvent control). These results suggest that floral scents play an important role in attracting queens and promote successful pollination.

scholarly journals Optimization of SPME-GC-MS and Characterization of Floral Scents from Aquilegia Japonica and A. Amurensis Flowers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua-Ying Wang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jian-Hua Dong ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Yuan-Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
New Ideas

Abstract The floral scent of plants plays a key role in plant reproduction through the communication between plants and pollinators. Aquilegia as a model species for studying evolution, however, there have been few studies on the floral scents and relationships between floral scents and pollination for Aquilegia taxa. In this study, three types of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fiber coatings (DVB/PDMS, CAR/PDMS, DVB/CAR/PDMS) were evaluated for their performance in extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from flowers of Aquilegia amurensis, which can to contribute to the future studies of elucidating the role of floral scents in the pollination process. In total, 55 VOCs were identified, and among them, 50, 47 and 45 VOCs were extracted by the DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, CAR/PDMS fiber and DVB/PDMS fibers, respectively. Only 30 VOCs were detected in A. japonica taxa. Furthermore, the relative contents of 8 VOCs were significant different (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05) between the A. amurensis and A. japonica. Therefore, the results can be applied in new studies of the relationships between the chemical composition of floral scents and the processes of attraction of pollinator. It may provide new ideas for rapid evolution and frequent interspecific hybridization of Aquilegia

scholarly journals Interpopulation variation in pollinators and floral scent of the lady’s-slipper orchid Cypripedium calceolus L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Braunschmid ◽  
Bernadette Mükisch ◽  
Thomas Rupp ◽  
Irmgard Schäffler ◽  
Pietro Zito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Slipper Orchid ◽  
Interpopulation Variation

scholarly journals Variation in Floral Scent Compositions of Different Lily Hybrid Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Kong ◽  
Jinrong Bai ◽  
Lixin Lang ◽  
Fang Bao ◽  
Xiaoying Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Asiatic Hybrids ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Hybrid Group

Lilium cultivars have a wide range of variation in floral scent phenotypes. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of volatile emissions during the night, the floral scent compositions of 35 lily cultivars from seven different hybrid groups were studied. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between volatile emission levels and scent intensities. Nonscented lily cultivars belonging to Asiatic hybrids hardly emitted volatiles, light-scented Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids emitted low levels of volatiles, and scented lily cultivars (belonging to Oriental, Trumpet, Longiflorum, Longiflorum × Oriental, and Oriental × Trumpet hybrids) emitted significantly high levels of volatiles. In general, the scent compositions of lily cultivars were similar within the same hybrid group, and the differences among hybrid groups reflect their pedigree. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids dominated the floral scents of most volatile-emitting lily cultivars, whereas monoterpenoids alone dominated the floral scents of some volatile-emitting lilies. Although various scent compounds were released from volatile-emitting lily cultivars, the dominant scent compounds were focused on three monoterpenoids [1.8-cineole, linalool, and (E)-β-ocimene] and one benzenoid (methyl benzoate). The scent traits of lily cultivars could be traced back to their parents.

scholarly journals Volatile Constituents of Floral Scents from Encyclia cordigera (Kunth) Dressler and E. randii (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade (Orchidaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciléia de Vasconcelos ◽  
Eloisa Helena Andrade ◽  
Luiz Otávio Teixeira ◽  
José Guilherme Maia
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Benzyl Benzoate ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Pollinating Insects

Encyclia cordigera is native from Central America tropical region, and Encyclia randii occurs at Brazilian Amazon environment domains. Floral concentrates from both Encyclia species were extracted, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and identified compounds belong to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives classes. Primary constituents of the E. cordigera floral scent were β-ionol (45.4%), terpinen-4-ol (12.4%), benzyl benzoate (5.6%), and indole (5.0%). (2E,6Z)-Farnesol (24.9%), heptanal (11.8%), (E)-nerolidol (9.4%), nonanal (6.4%), p-vinyl-guaiacol (6.0%), and phenylethyl benzoate (5.3%) have predominated in the floral scent of E. randii. From the olfactory standpoint, E. cordigera scent was previously characterized as a blend of ionone-floral and aromatic-floral notes. Very likely, E. randii scent presents the woody fragrance due to sesquiterpenes (2E,6Z)-farnesol and (E)-nerolidol and the fruity note from the aldehydes heptanal and nonanal. Floral perfume plays a fundamental role in attracting pollinating insects, whose symbiosis contributes to the appearance of chemical variations in orchid species.

scholarly journals Planning considerations of green corridors for the improvement of biodiversity resilience in suburban areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhong Wang ◽  
Siqi Jia ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Shicong Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Large City ◽  
Habitat Connectivity ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Green Corridors

Abstract The world is experiencing a rapid loss in the biodiversity of pollinator insects. Habitat segmentation caused by infrastructures is one of the contributing factors. To improve the habitat connectivity of pollinator insects, it is proposed in this study to build green corridors for pollinators over linear infrastructures such as highways. In the context of suburban areas of a large city, this study examines differences in air parameters between natural environments and a roadside environment based on monitored and estimated data. Influences of different green corridor designs on floral scent dispersion are also investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation. It is found that, if flower plants are installed on highway overpasses, the floral scents would be better preserved as compared with those in a natural environment due to the lower concentration of oxidative radicals in the air over highways. The stronger floral scents and their wider dispersion may help attract pollinators. Conversely, highway air contains a variety of volatine organic components (VOCs) that are likely traced to highway operations and pavements. Hence, the overall profile of VOCs in a highway environment differs from that in a natural environment. Results from CFD modeling and simulation suggest that the use of green corridors planted with flowers on the highway overpass can greatly improve the connectivity of floral scents. Hence, with proper engineering design and right combination of plant species, green corridors built on highway overpasses have the potential to facilitate pollinators to cross the road, thereby improving their habitat connectivity and resilience against declining biodiversity.

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